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    heatherlew
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    "The Grateful Dead picked up their instruments and hit the first note with perfection. They never missed a note for the next three and one-half hours. People followed the flow of the tunes. Down on the floor in front of the stage was a sea of heads keeping time with the music. No one sat still. No one, except the youngsters behind us sat still. They were still and stunned." - The Power County Press

    And what a stunner it was, that show at the Boise State University Pavilion in Boise, ID on September 2, 1983. Dave's Picks Volume 27 contains every stitch of music from this mid-80s show (our first in this series), one that's as good as any other in Grateful Dead history. When the Dead were on, they were ON! Straight out the gate with a definitive take on the old standard "Wang Dang Doodle," the band swiftly switches back to a setlist of yore, firing off 70s staples like "Jack Straw" and "Brown-Eyed Women" and wrapping things up with a terrific trio of "Big Railroad Blues"/"Looks Like Rain"/"Deal" (don't you let that epic guitar solo go down without you). Primed for the second set, they tackle the complexities of "Help>Slipknot!>Franklin's" with heart and ease. It's clear there will be no stopping their flow - Bobby and Brent hanging in for a fantastic pre-Drums "Jam" and Jerry and Bobby in the zone on a not-to-be-missed melodic "Space." Not a skipper in the whole lot!

    Dave's Picks Volume 27 has been mastered to HDCD specs by Jeffrey Norman and it is limited to 18,000 individually-numbered copies*.

    *Limited to 2 per order. Very limited quantity available.

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  • David Duryea
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    Apologies to Ringo
    I've got blisters on my scroll fingers!
  • Mr. Ones
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    Now back to your regular programming
    This has been a public service message from Democracy Now.......Hopefully we can get back on course,I ignore EVERY troll. and just wait for the majority of folks who post fun, funny, interesting, demented, Etc. things. I'm pretty sure the government is not involved in the selection or release of ANY GD stuff. Peace......"Music is the Best"--FZ
  • Butch
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    If only
    If only I could block Terrapin moon and shitderp. That's the real solution here, put a preference section that allows you to input usernames of people who's posts you don't want to see. JimInMD - f*** Terrapin Moon he IS shitderp. Correct me if I'm wrong dreading, but were you just shoving shitderps stupid video links to the bottom of the page? I noticed shitderp posted a couple this morning. Yesterday was nice when the f*** wad thought he was going to lose his account here and didn't post anything.
  • JeffSmith
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    Well, well, well, indeed.
    Nothing like a little public self-therapy at the expense of others to build up an illusion of validity and relevance in otherwise pathetic, meaningless lives. So sorry for you brother(s). . .
  • Cousins Of The…
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    Are you kidding me???
    WTF?? Couldn't you just have posted the link instead of the whole thing?
  • dreading
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    The Constitution of the
    The Constitution of the United StatesThe Bill of Rights & All Amendments A highly accessible, easy to use online version full text transcript including the Bill of Rights and the rest of the Amendments with both sequential and subject indexes. Note—spellings are from the original documents: see list. Index (access key I) Subject Index (access key S) For first time users, vision settings, and hide clause #s. (access key H) skip to Letter of Transmittal Full size web images of The Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights are also available for viewing. Constitution Day is September 17. 1 The Preamble showing, written larger than the rest, We the People (Preamble) We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I (Article 1 - Legislative) Section 1 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2 1: The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 2: No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.2 The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4: When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. 5: The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. Section 3 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof,3 for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. 2: Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.4 3: No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4: The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. 5: The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. 6: The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. 7: Judgment in Cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. Section 4 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators. 2: The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,5 unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. Section 5 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. 3: Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. 4: Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section 6 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.6 They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. 2: No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. Section 7 1: All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. 3: Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Section 8 1: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 2: To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; 3: To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; 4: To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; 5: To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; 6: To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; 7: To establish Post Offices and post Roads; 8: To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; 9: To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; 10: To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; 11: To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; 12: To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; 13: To provide and maintain a Navy; 14: To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; 15: To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; 16: To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 17: To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—And 18: To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Section 9 1: The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. 2: The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. 3: No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 4: No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.7 5: No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. 7: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. 8: No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. Section 10 1: No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 2: No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. 3: No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. Article II (Article 2 - Executive) Section 1 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows 2: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 3: The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.8 4: The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. 5: No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. 6: In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office,9 the Same shall devolve on the VicePresident, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 7: The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. 8: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” Section 2 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Section 3 He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. Section 4 The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. Article III (Article 3 - Judicial) Section 1 The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Section 2 1: The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—between a State and Citizens of another State;10 —between Citizens of different States, —between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellateJurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. 3: The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Section 3 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. 2: The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. Article IV (Article 4 - States' Relations) Section 1 Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Section 2 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. 2: A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 3: No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.11 Section 3 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 2: The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Section 4 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. Article V (Article 5 - Mode of Amendment) The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. Article VI (Article 6 - Prior Debts, National Supremacy, Oaths of Office) 1: All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 3: The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. Article VII (Article 7 - Ratification) The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. The Word "the", being interlined between the seventh and eight Lines of the first Page, The Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page. The Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page. done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, Attest William Jackson Secretary Go: Washington -Presidt. and deputy from Virginia Showing George Washington's signature. Delaware Geo: Read Gunning Bedford jun John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jaco: Broom Maryland James McHenry Dan of St Thos. Jenifer Danl Carroll. Virginia John Blair— James Madison Jr. North Carolina Wm Blount Richd. Dobbs Spaight. Hu Williamson South Carolina J. Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler. Georgia William Few Abr Baldwin New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut Wm. Saml. Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey Wil. Livingston David Brearley. Wm. Paterson. Jona: Dayton Pennsylvania B Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robt Morris Geo. Clymer Thos. FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson. Gouv Morris Letter of Transmittal skip to Letter of Transmittal to Congress up to the Constitution In Convention. Monday September 17th 1787. Present The States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Resolved, That the preceeding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled, and that it is the Opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the Recommendation of its Legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention assenting to, and ratifying the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled. Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same, and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the Time and Place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected: That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President, and should transmit their Votes certified, signed, sealed and directed, as the Constitution requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole Purpose of receiving, opening and counting the Votes for President; and, that after he shall be chosen, the Congress, together with the President, should, without Delay, proceed to execute this Constitution. By the unanimous Order of the Convention W. Jackson Secretary. Go: Washington -Presidt. Letter of Transmittal to the President of Congress skip to Amendments up to Letter of Transmittal In Convention. Monday September 17th 1787. SIR: We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled, that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable. The friends of our country have long seen and desired that the power of making war, peace, and treaties, that of levying money, and regulating commerce, and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities, should be fully and effectually vested in the General Government of the Union; but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident: hence results the necessity of a different organization. It is obviously impracticable in the Federal Government of these States to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each, and yet provide for the interest and safety of all. Individuals entering into society must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest. The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance, as on the object to be obtained. It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered, and those which may be preserved; and, on the present occasion, this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation, extent, habits, and particular interests. In all our deliberations on this subject, we kept steadily in our view that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American, the consolidation of our Union, in which is involved our prosperity, felicity, safety—perhaps our national existence. This important consideration, seriously and deeply impressed on our minds, led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude than might have been otherwise expected; and thus, the Constitution which we now present is the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual deference and concession, which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable. That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not, perhaps, to be expected; but each will, doubtless, consider, that had her interest alone been consulted, the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected, we hope and believe; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that Country so dear to us all, and secure her freedom and happiness, is our most ardent wish. With great respect, we have the honor to be, SIR, your excellency's most obedient and humble servants: GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. By the unanimous order of the convention. His Excellency the President of Congress. Amendments to the Constitution skip to Notes up to Letter of Transmittal to Congress (The procedure for changing the United States Constitution is Article V - Mode of Amendment) (The Preamble to The Bill of Rights) showing the heading of the Bill of Rights Congress OF THE United States begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine. THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution. RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz. ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.12 (Articles I through X are known as the Bill of Rights) ratified - Article the first. .... After the first enumeration required by the first Article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which, the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons. - Article the second. .... No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. see Amendment XXVII Article [I] (Amendment 1 - Freedom of expression and religion) 13 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article [II] (Amendment 2 - Bearing Arms) A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Article [III] (Amendment 3 - Quartering Soldiers) No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article [IV] (Amendment 4 - Search and Seizure) The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article [V] (Amendment 5 - Rights of Persons) No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Article [VI] (Amendment 6 - Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. Article [VII] (Amendment 7 - Civil Trials) In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Article [VIII] (Amendment 8 - Further Guarantees in Criminal Cases) Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article [IX] (Amendment 9 - Unenumerated Rights) The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article [X] (Amendment 10 - Reserved Powers) The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Attest, John Beckley, Clerk of the House of Representatives. Sam. A. Otis Secretary of the Senate. Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg Speaker of the House of Representatives. John Adams, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate. (end of the Bill of Rights) [Article XI] (Amendment 11 - Suits Against States) The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. ratified #11 affects 10 [Article XII] (Amendment 12 - Election of President) The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;—The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;—The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.14 —The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ratified #12 affects 8 Article XIII (Amendment 13 - Slavery and Involuntary Servitude) Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. affects 11 Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #13 Article XIV (Amendment 14 - Rights Guaranteed: Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process, and Equal Protection) 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 2: Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,15 and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. affects 2 3: No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 4: The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. 5: The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ratified #14 Article XV (Amendment 15 - Rights of Citizens to Vote) The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #15 Article XVI (Amendment 16 - Income Tax) The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. ratified #16 affects 2 [Article XVII] (Amendment 17 - Popular Election of Senators) 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. affects 3 2: When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. affects 4 3: This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. ratified #17 Article [XVIII] (Amendment 18 - Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors)16 1: After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 2: The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 3: This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. ratified #18 Article [XIX] (Amendment 19 - Women's Suffrage Rights) The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. affects 15 Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #19 Article [XX] (Amendment 20 - Terms of President, Vice President, Members of Congress: Presidential Vacancy) 1: The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. affects 5 2: The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. affects 5 3: If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. affects 9 affects 14 4: The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. affects 9 5: Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article. 6: This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. ratified #20 Article [XXI] (Amendment 21 - Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment) 1: The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. affects 16 2: The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. 3: This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. ratified #21 Amendment XXII (Amendment 22 - Presidential Tenure) 1: No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. 2: This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress. ratified #22 Amendment XXIII (Amendment 23 - Presidential Electors for the District of Columbia) 1: The District constituting the seat of government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a state, but in no event more than the least populous state; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the states, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment. 2: The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #23 Amendment XXIV (Amendment 24 - Abolition of the Poll Tax Qualification in Federal Elections) 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #24 Amendment XXV affects 9 (Amendment 25 - Presidential Vacancy, Disability, and Inability) 1: In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. 2: Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress. 3: Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. 4: Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. ratified #25 Amendment XXVI (Amendment 26 - Reduction of Voting Age Qualification) 1: The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. affects 15 2: The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #26 Amendment XXVII (Amendment 27 - Congressional Pay Limitation) No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives shall take effect until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. ratified #27 NOTES skip to Dates up to Amendments Note 1: This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by Gen. Washington and the deputies from 12 States. The arabic numerals preceding the paragraphs designate Clauses, and were not printed (but are referred to) in the original and have no reference to footnotes that appear as small superior figures (superscripts). ratification Note 2: The part of Article 1 Section 2 Clause 3 relating to the mode of apportionment of representatives among the several States has been affected by Amendment XIV Section 2, and as to taxes on incomes without apportionment by Amendment XVI. Note 3: Article 1 Section 3 Clause 1 has been affected by Amendment XVII Section 1. Note 4: Article 1 Section 3 Clause 2 has been affected by Amendment XVII Section 2. Note 5: Article 1 Section 4 Clause 2 has been affected by Amendment XX. Note 6: Article 1 Section 6 Clause 1 has been affected by Amendment XXVII. Note 7: Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 has been affected by Amendment XVI. Note 8: Article 2 Section 1 Clause 3 has been superseded by Amendment XII. Note 9: Article 2 Section 1 Clause 6 has been affected by Amendment XX and Amendment XXV. Note 10: Article 3 Section 2 Clause 1 has been affected by Amendment XI. Note 11: Article 4 Section 2 Clause 3 has been affected by Amendment XIII Section 1. Note 12: The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States are known as the Bill of Rights Note 13: The Bill of Rights only had ten of the twelve articles ratified and these were then renumbered. Of the others only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th articles of amendment had numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification. Note 14: This sentence of Amendment XII has been superseded by Amendment XX Section 3. Note 15: Article XIV Section 2 is modified by Amendment XIX Section 1 and Amendment XXVI Section 1. Note 16: Amendment XVIII repealed by Amendment XXI Section 1. Dates skip to Spellings up to Notes May 25, 1787: The Constitutional Convention opens with a quorum of seven states in Philadelphia to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation. Eventually all states but Rhode Island are represented. Sept. 17, 1787: All 12 state delegations approve the Constitution, 39 delegates sign it of the 42 present, and the Convention formally adjourns. June 21, 1788: The Constitution becomes effective for the ratifying states when New Hampshire is the ninth state to ratify it. Mar. 4, 1789: The first Congress under the Constitution convenes in New York City. Apr. 30, 1789: George Washington is inaugurated as the first President of the United States. June 8, 1789: James Madison introduces proposed Bill of Rights in the House of Representatives. Sept. 24, 1789: Congress establishes a Supreme Court, 13 district courts, three ad hoc circuit courts, and the position of Attorney General. Sept. 25, 1789: Congress approves 12 amendments and sends them to the states for ratification. Feb. 2, 1790: Supreme Court convenes for the first time after an unsuccessful attempt February 1. Dec. 15, 1791: Virginia ratifies the Bill of Rights, and 10 of the 12 proposed amendments become part of the U.S. Constitution. Spellings skip to Vocabulary up to Dates Some words now have different spellings: behaviour - behavior chuse - choose chusing - choosing controul - control defence - defense encreased - increased erazure - erasure labour - labor offences - offenses Punctuation, hyphenation and grammar usage have also changed. Vocabulary skip to Sources up to Spellings Also check the Government Printing Office's Ben's Guide for Kids 3d - 3rd (third) abridged - shortened adjourn - suspend proceedings to another time adjournment - suspending proceedings to another time appellate - appeal (review decision) appropriation - authorize spending apportioned - distributed apportionment - distributing attainted - disgrace Bill of Attainder - legislative act pronouncing guilt without trial capitation - poll tax cession - grant comity - courteous recognition of laws and institutions of another (state) commenced - started concur - agree concurrant - at the same time concurrence - agreement concurring - in agreement construed - interpreted Corruption of Blood - punishment of person and heirs counsel - lawyer declaratory - explaining law or right democracy - this word is not in these documents directly, but “We the people” and “Republican Form of Government” are - most people say our form of government is a “Federal Democratic Republic” devolved - passed on or delegated to another disparage - belittle duties - job duties - charge (like a tax) duty - job duty - charge (like a tax) Duty of Tonnage - charge by weight emolument - power and/or pay emoluments - power and/or pay engrossed - final draft enumeration - count or list ex post facto - (latin) after the fact excises - internal taxes Habeas Corpus - a writ in court for release of unlawful restraint - (latin) produce body [of evidence] imminent - about to occur - do not confuse with eminent or immanent impeachment - formal accusation of wrongdoing impeachments - formal accusations of wrongdoing imposts - taxes or duties, that are imposed indictment - formal charges jurisdiction - right to control Letters of Marque - (grant right of piracy) - document issued by a nation allowing a private citizen to seize citizens or goods of another nation magazines - ammunition storerooms ordain - order prescribed - establish a rule privileged - rights given a group pro tempore - temporary - (latin) for a time posterity - descendants quartered - housed quartering - housing quorum - minimum valid number of people redress - correct a wrong repassed - passed again reprisal - retaliation republican - representative and officers elected by citizens and responsible to them suffrage - vote - voting tranquility - peace treason - betrayal of country vessels - ships vested - given the right viz. - abbreviation for (latin) videlicet - namely (and when read aloud spoken as namely) from: The Columbia Guide to Standard American English welfare - well-being writ - order writs - orders How to read Roman numerals: The upper case letter I represents the arabic 1. The upper case letter V represents the arabic 5. The upper case letter X represents the arabic 10. The upper case letter L represents the arabic 50. (not used in this document) The upper case letter C represents the arabic 100. (not used in this document) The upper case letter D represents the arabic 500. (not used in this document) The upper case letter M represents the arabic 1,000. (not used in this document) A bar placed over a letter or group of letters multiplies that value by 1,000. (not used in this document) If the letter to the right represents an equal or smaller value the numbers ADD. XXII is 22. If the letter to the right is a larger value then the numbers SUBTRACT. IV is 4. Only I is used with V or X, X with L or C, and C with D or M. There is no zero! Both C and M often still appear in commerce mixed with arabic therefore if someone orders a quantity of 5M, they want 5,000 not 5 million. A few more samples: XCV = 95, XIII = 13, XCIX = 99, XLIX = 49 If supported in the browser, hovering the cursor over the Roman number in this document will display the arabic equivalent for a short time. Given (first) name abbreviations: George - Go: - Geo: - Geo. Jacob - Jaco: Daniel - Dan - Danl William - Wm - Wm. - Wil. Richard - Richd John - J. Abraham - Abr Samuel - Saml - Sam. Johnathan - Jona: Robert - Robt Thomas - Thos Gouverneur - Gouv Of course B Franklin is Benjamin Franklin, jun and Jr. are junior, and Presidt. is President. See the following sources: skip to How to use up to Vocabulary (Links open a new window - Not responsible for the content of any outside links) US Government archives - includes images of the documents and biographies of the signers Federalist Papers - these 85 essays may be the best source of what the framers of the constitution had in mind. Ben's Guide for Kids Spanish & French versions and some history Publications.USA.gov Lesson Plans at the Library of Congress How to use this version skip to Accessibility up to Sources Select vision as needed Good Vision Low vision Very low vision Hide Clause #s (Access key N) Show Clause #s (Access key V) ( 1. Sample Clause or Ammendment Section) Hide/Show will take several seconds (up to minutes with IE & AOL on Windows) To Constitution or To Amendments, To Index (access key I) or Subject Index (access key S) To bookmark this page right click (on Mac hold click) on: ConstitutionUS.com Some features are browser dependent. Historic spellings, punctuation, hyphenation and grammar are retained. A spelling list is provide and in most browsers simply placing the cursor over the word will bring up the current spelling for a short time. Some words are not in everyday vocabulary. A vocabulary list is provide and in most browsers simply placing the cursor over the word or phrase will bring up an alternative for a short time. The division into clauses, not in the original, makes it easier to reference specific portions of the document allowing both an internal index and for use by external web pages such as teachers guide, or to emphasize a point of a given political point of view in a web page or email. Placing the cursor over a article number will display the article number as arabic and to what the article pertains. Placing the cursor over a section number will display the article and section number and to what the section pertains. Placing the cursor over a clause number will display the article, section and clause number and to what the clause pertains. Note: Sections with a single clause have no clause number. If clause numbers are hidden just hover over the first letter of the clause. If the hover feature is not available the short title of the article, section, or clause is listed in the index. Some documents call the division of amendments sections, others clauses, amendment 20 refers to its divisions as sections. They will be called sections in this document. The title attribute (not to be confused with the tag) used in this document in an attempt to provide quick vocabulary, spelling, heading group short titles, and other helps has been defined as a part of the Hyper Text Markup Language from its earliest days in the Anchor and LINK tags. The proper handling was suggested in 1997 with this handling repeated as part of the HTML 4.0 (and added to most tag types) later in the same year from the W3C. If the browser does not support this (i.e. Safari 1.1.1 v100.1 and before only work in clickable links, others - see table below) then most of the same information is duplicated in various sections such as spelling list, index and vocabulary list including how to read roman numerals. Footnotes are links displayed as superscripted arabic numbers (superior figures) and the text that they modify are displayed in a gray when using the normal stylesheet. Gray was chosen to leave the text readable as opposed to strikeout The punctuation around articles and section numbers have been removed since this practice has fallen into disuse and adds little to the feel of this version. (Article. I. becomes Article I) Article 1 Section 9 Clause 1 - Importation of Slaves; is shown as no longer in effect since its built in date has passed. Most transcriptions show the "Attest 'William Jackson' Secretary" at the end of the other signatures as if validating those. This one shows that he, more likely, was attesting to the document itself or possibly the list of corrections in the document. The Bill of Rights had twelve numbered articles but only ten were ratified. Since they were renumbered only the two unratified, which are shown in gray, are shown with the original number (as in Article the first) to try to avoid confusion. A note for anyone looking at the image of the Bill of Rights above or any document of a similar period is the usage of an elongated s that can often be confused with the letter f. The typical usage rules in this period seem to be that the elongated s is the main lower case s unless at the end of a word or the second s of a pair. Today the elongated s ( ∫ ) is typically only used in mathematical formulae as the notation for integral. There is a story that Shakespeare who spelled his own name Shakspere or Shakspeare gained the extra e when a typesetter had trouble fitting the elongated s next to the k. To Constitution or To Amendments, To Index (access key I) or Subject Index (access key S) Why another web version? Yes there are about 2,000 or so online versions. And about a 100 times that as partial versions. The better of some of the others are listed above in Sources. This is built for ease of use. With the built-in vocabulary it's hoped that it can be used as well by kids, and those for which english is not the first language with a minimum of outside reference. This is all loaded in one page. The Constitution, Amendments (including the Bill of Rights), Notes, spellings, vocabulary, index, ratifications for simpler browsing. Though it may take up to a minute to fully load with a slow modem connection, there is no reload time going from section to section. This attempts to stay out of the way while reading but bring quick access to notations, vocabulary, and spelling variations as well as ratifications. You may read it the way you like. Top to bottom. Jumping from Articles to Amendments that modify them to ratification information in any order. Other than the vocabulary it is offered very deliberately without interpretation. It is usable without style sheets as well as supplying a standard and two low vision style sheets. Supplies links so that anyone can point to a section, clause or amendment for someone else to be able to see in context with annotation available to that reader. small browser test area Hovering the cursor over each item below should bring up a help balloon (tool-tip) and/or display in the link area at the bottom of the browser the words title and the tag it is in. abbr dfn bold anchor no href anchor with href alt img Accessibility skip to Index up to How to Use This is a privately owned page and not required to meet any guidelines, however: An attempt has been made to provide additional accessibility to this important document. Basic web standards are used. 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Index skip to Subject Index up to Accessibility THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION (Preamble) Article I - The Legislative Section 1 - Congress Section 2 - The House of Representatives Clause 1 - Congressional Districting Clause 2 - Qualification of Members of Congress Clause 3 - Apportionment of Seats in the House Clause 4 - Vacancies Clause 5 - Officers and Power of Impeachment Section 3 - The Senate Clause 1 - Composition and Selection Clause 2 - Classes of Senators Clause 3 - Qualifications Clause 4 - The Vice President Clause 5 - Officers Clause 6 - Trial of Impeachment Clause 7 - Judgments on Impeachment Section 4 - Elections Clause 1 - Congressional Power to Regulate Clause 2 - Time of Assembling Section 5 - Powers and Duties of the House Clause 1 - Power to Judge Elections Clause 2 - Rules of Proceedings Clause 3 - Duty to Keep a Journal Clause 4 - Adjournments Section 6 - Rights and Disabilities of Members Clause 1 - Compensation and Immunities Clause 2 - Disabilities Section 7 - Legislative Process Clause 1 - Revenue Bills Clause 2 - Approval by the President Clause 3 - Presentation of Resolutions Section 8 - Powers of Congress Clause 1 - Power to Tax and Spend Clause 2 - Borrowing Power Clause 3- Commerce Power Clause 4 - Naturalization and Bankruptcies Clause 5 - Money Clause 6 - Money Clause 7 - Post Office Clause 8 - Copyrights and Patent Clause 9- Creating of Courts Clause 10 - Maritime Crimes Clause 11 - War; Military Establishment Clause 12 - War; Military Establishment Clause 13 - War; Military Establishment Clause 14 - War; Military Establishment Clause 15 - The Militia Clause 16 - The Militia Clause 17 - District of Columbia; Federal Property Clause 18 - Necessary Clause Section 9 - Powers Denied Congress Clause 1 - Importation of Slaves Clause 2 - Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause 3 - Bill of Attainder and Ex Post Facto Laws Clause 4 - Taxes Clause 5 - Duties on Exports from States Clause 6- Preference to Ports Clause 7- Appropriations and Accounting of Public Money Clause 8 - Titles of Nobility; Presents Section 10 - Powers Denied to the States Clause 1 - Not to Make Treaties, Coin Money, Pass Ex Post Facto Laws, Impair Contracts Clause 2 - Not to Levy Duties on Exports and Imports Clause 3 - Not to Lay Tonnage Duties, Keep Troops, Make Compacts, or Engage in War Article II - Executive Section 1 - The President Clause 1 - Powers and Term of the President Clause 2 - Election Clause 3 - Election Clause 4 - Election Clause 5 - Qualifications Clause 6 - Presidential Succession Clause 7 - Compensation and Emolument Clause 8 - Oath of Office Section 2 - Powers and Duties of the President Clause 1 - Commander-in-Chiefship; Presidential Advisers; Clause 2 - Treaties and Appointment of Officers Clause 3 - Vacancies during Recess of Senate Section 3 - Legislative, Diplomatic, and Law Enforcement Section 4 - Impeachment Article III - Judicial Section 1 - Judicial Power, Courts, Judges Section 2 - Judicial Power and Jurisdiction Clause 1 - Cases and Controversies; Grants of Jurisdiction Clause 2 - Original and Appellate Jurisdiction; Exceptions and Regulations of Appellate Jurisdiction Clause 3 - Trial by Jury Section 3 - Treason Clause 1 - Definition and Limitations Clause 2 - Punishment Article IV - States' Relations Section 1 - Full Faith and Credit Section 2 - Interstate Comity Clause 1 - State Citizenship: Privileges and Immunities Clause 2 - Interstate Rendition Clause 3 - Fugitives from Labor Section 3 - Admission of New States to Union; Property of United State Clause 1 - Admission of New States to Union Clause 2 - Property of the United States Section 4 - Obligations of United States to States Article V - Mode of Amendment Article VI - Prior Debts, National Supremacy, Oaths of Office Clause 1 - Validity of Prior Debts and Engagements Clause 2 - Supremacy of the Constitution, Laws and Treaties Clause 3 - Oath of Office Article VII - Ratification Letter of Transmittal Letter of Transmittal to the President of Congress Amendments to the Constitution (The Preamble to The Bill of Rights) (Articles I through X are known as the Bill of Rights) Article [I] - Freedom of expression and religion Article [II] - Bearing Arms Article [III] - Quartering Soldiers Article [IV] - Search and Seizure Article [V] - Rights of Persons Article [VI] - Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions Article [VII] - Civil Trials Article [VIII] - Further Guarantees in Criminal Cases Article [IX] - Unenumerated Rights Article [X] - Reserved Powers [Article XI] - Suits Against States [Article XII] - Election of President Article XIII - Slavery and Involuntary Servitude Section 1 - Slavery and Involuntary Servitude Section 2 - Enforcement Article XIV - Rights Guaranteed: Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process, and Equal Protection Section 1 - Rights Guaranteed Section 2 - Apportionment of Representation Section 3 - Disqualification and Public Debt Section 4 - Disqualification and Public Debt Section 5 - Enforcement Article XV - Rights of Citizens to Vote Article XVI - Income Tax [Article XVII] - Popular Election of Senators Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Article [XVIII] - Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquor Section 1 - Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors Section 2 - Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power Section 3 - Ratification Article [XIX] - Women's Suffrage Rights Section 1 - Women's Suffrage Rights Section 2 - Enforcement Article [XX] - Terms of President, Vice President, Members of Congress: Presidential Vacancy Section 1 - Terms of President, Vice President, Senators, and Representatives Section 2 - Time of assembling Congress Section 3 - Filling vacancy in office of President Section 4 - Power of Congress in Presidential succession Section 5 - Time of taking effect Section 6 - Ratification Article [XXI] - Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment Section 1 - Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment Section 2 - Transportation of intoxicating liquors Section 3 - Ratification Amendment XXII - Presidential Tenure Section 1 - Presidential Tenure Section 2 - Enforcement Amendment XXIII - Presidential Electors for the District of Columbia Section 1 - Presidential Electors for the District of Columbia Section 2 - Enforcement Amendment XXIV - Abolition of the Poll Tax Qualification in Federal Elections Amendment XXV - Presidential Vacancy, Disability, and Inability Amendment XXVI - Reduction of Voting Age Qualification Section 1 - Reduction of Voting Age Qualification Section 2 - Enforcement Amendment XXVII - Congressional Pay Limitation NOTES Note 1: Original source of the Constitution text. Note 2: Article 1 Section 2 Clause 3 modified by Amendment XIV, and Amendment XVI. Note 3: Article 1 Section 3 Clause 1 has been affected by Amendment XVII. Note 4: Article 1 Section 3 Clause 2 modified by Amendment XVII. Note 5: Article 1 Section 4 Clause 2 modified by Amendment XX. Note 6: Article 1 Section 6 Clause 1 modified by Amendment XXVII. Note 7: Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 modified by Amendment XVI. Note 8: Article 2 Section 1 Clause 3 superseded by amendment XII. Note 9: Article 2 Section 1 Clause 6 modified by amendment XX and amendment XXV. Note 10: Article 3 Section 2 Clause 1 modified by amendment XI. Note 11: Article 4 Section 2 Clause 3 modified by amendment XIII. Note 12: The Bill of Rights Note 13: Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th numbered at ratification. Note 14: Part of Amendment XII superseded by Amendment XX. Note 15: Article XIV is modified by Amendment XIX and Amendment XXVI. Note 16: Amendment XVIII repealed by Amendment XXI. Dates - Milestone dates for the constitution, bill of rights and the start of the U.S. government. Spellings Vocabulary Sources How to use this version Accessibility Index Subject Index Sample code to link from your own web site or email Ratifications Jun 21, 1788 Constitution Dec 15, 1791 (Articles I through X are known as the Bill of Rights) Article [I] - Freedom of expression and religion Article [II] - Bearing Arms Article [III] - Quartering Soldiers Article [IV] - Search and Seizure Article [V] - Rights of Persons Article [VI] - Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions Article [VII] - Civil Trials Article [VIII] - Further Guarantees in Criminal Cases Article [IX] - Unenumerated Rights Article [X] - Reserved Powers Feb 7, 1795 [Article XI] - Suits Against States Jun 15, 1804 [Article XII] - Election of President Dec 6, 1865 Article XIII - Slavery and Involuntary Servitude Jul 9, 1868 Article XIV - Rights Guaranteed: Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process, and Equal Protection Feb 3, 1870 Article XV - Rights of Citizens to Vote Feb 3, 1913 Article XVI - Income Tax Apr 8, 1913 [Article XVII] - Popular Election of Senators Jan 16, 1919 Article [XVIII] - Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors Aug 18, 1920 Article [XIX] - Women's Suffrage Rights Jan 23, 1933 Article [XX] - Terms of President, Vice President, Members of Congress: Presidential Vacancy Mar 21, 1947 Article [XXI] - Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment Feb 27, 1951 Amendment XXII - Presidential Tenure Mar 29, 1961 Amendment XXIII - Presidential Electors for the District of Columbia Jan 24, 1964 Amendment XXIV - Abolition of the Poll Tax Qualification in Federal Elections Feb 10, 1967 Amendment XXV - Presidential Vacancy, Disability, and Inability Jul 1, 1971 Amendment XXVI - Reduction of Voting Age Qualification May 7, 1992 Amendment XXVII - Congressional Pay Limitation Copyright and Contact Outside navigation HTML and CSS validation Labeling Subject Index skip to Sample code up to Index Select first letter of subject: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Admiralty and; maritime cases - Article III Section 2 Advice and consent - Article II Section 2 Clause 2 Age, as qualification for public office President - Article II Section 1 Clause 5 Representatives - Article I Section 2 Clause 2 Senators - Article I Section 3 Clause 3 Age, voting - Amendment XXVI Ambassadors Case controversies - Article III Section 2 Clause 1 President's power - Article II Section 2 Clause 2; Article II Section 3 Amendment procedure - Article V Appellate jurisdiction - Article III Section 2 Clause 2 Appointment power - Article II Section 2 Clause 2 Appointments, temporary - Amendment XVII Section 2 Apportionment of representatives - Article I Section 2 Clause 3; Amendment XIV Section 2 Appropriations(s) - Article I Section 8 Arms, right to bear - Amendment II Army - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 Assembly, right of - Amendment l Authors - Article I Section 8 Clause 8 to top of Subject Index B Bail, excessive - Amendment 8 Bankruptcy, Congress, power - Article I Section 8 Clause 4 Bill of Rights (Amendments 1-10) - Amendments I-X Bills - Article I Section 7 Bills of attainder - Article I Section 9 Clause 3; Article I Section 10 Clause 1 Borrowing, Congress, power - Article I Section 8 Clause 2 to top of Subject Index C Cabinet officers, reports - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 Census - Article I Section 2 Clause 3 Chief Justice, role in impeachment trials - Article I Section 3 Clause 6 Commander in Chief - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 Commerce, Congress, power - Article I Section 8 Clause 3 Commission of officers - Article II Section 3 Clause 5 Compact - Article I Section 10 Clause 3 Congress annual meetings - Article I Section 4 Clause 2; declaring war - Article I Section 8 Clauses 11-14 legislative proceedings - Article I Section 5 Clause 2 members, compensation and privileges - Article I Section 6 Clause 1; organization - Article I Section 1 powers - Article I Section 8; Amendment XII special sessions - Article II Section 3 Congressional Record (Journal) - Article I Section 5 Clause 3 Constitution, purpose - Preamble Contracts, interference by states - Article I Section 10 Clause 3 Controversies, court cases - Article III Section 2 Clause 1 Conventions - Article V;VII; Amendment 21 Section 3 Copyrights & patents, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 8 Counsel, right to - Amendment 6 Counterfeiting, Congress' power to punish - Article I Section 8 Clause 6 Courts - (see Judiciary) Criminal proceedings, rights of accused - Amendment 5; Amendment 6 Currency, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 5 to top of Subject Index D Defense, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 District of Columbia - Article I Section 8 Clause 17; Amendment XXIII Section 1 Double jeopardy - Amendment V Due process of law - Amendment V; Amendment XIV Section 1 to top of Subject Index E Electoral College - Article II Section 1 Clause 4; Amendment XII; Amendment XXIII Section 1 Equal protection of laws - Amendment 14 Section 1 Equity - Article III Section 2 Clause 1; Amendment 11 Ex post facto laws - Article I Section 9 Clause 3; Article I Section 10 Clause 1 Extradition of fugitives by states - Article IV Section 2 Clause 2 to top of Subject Index F Fines, excessive - Amendment VIII Foreign affairs, President's power - Article II Section 2 Clause 2 Foreign commerce, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 1 Full faith and credit" clause - Article IV Section 1 to top of Subject Index G General welfare, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 1 Grand jury indictments - Amendment V Grievances, redress of - Amendment I to top of Subject Index H Habeas corpus - Article I Section 9 Clause 2 House of Representatives election to & eligibility for - Article I Section 2 Clause 2 members' terms of office - Article I Section 2 Clause 1; Article I Section 6 Clause 2 Speaker of - Article I Section 2 Clause 5; Amendment 24; Amendment 25 special powers impeachment - Article I Section 2 Clause 5 Presidential elections - Article II Section 1 Clause 3; Amendment 12 revenue bills - Article I Section 7 Clause 1 states' representation in - Article I Section 2 Clause 1; Article I Section 2 Clause 3 vacancies - Article I Section 2 Clause 4 to top of Subject Index I Immunities (see Privileges and immunities) Impeachment officials subject to - Article II Section 4 penalties - Article I Section 3 Clause 7 power of, lodged in House - Article I Section 2 Clause 5 reasons - Article II Section 4 trials, Senate - Article I Section 3 Clause 6 Indians, commerce with, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 3 Inhabitant (see Resident) - Article I Section 2 Clause 2; Article I Section 3 Clause 3 International law, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 3 Inventors - Article I Section 8 Clause 8 to top of Subject Index J Judiciary inferior courts - Article I Section 8 Clause 9; Article III Section 1 judicial review - Article III Section 2 Clause 2 jurisdiction - Article III Section 2 Section 2 nomination & confirmation of judges - Article II Section 2 Clause 2 Supreme Court - Article III Section 1 terms of office & compensation - Article III Section 1 Jury trials - Article III Section 2 Clause 3; Amendment VI; Amendment VII to top of Subject Index L “Lame duck” amendment - Amendment XX Liquor - Amendment XVIII; Amendment XXI to top of Subject Index M Marque and reprisal, letters of - Article I Section 8 Clause 11 Men (see Persons) Militia (Military) - Amendment II; Amendment V congressional powers - Article I Section 8 Clause 15 presidential powers - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 Money - Article I Section 8 Clause 5-6 to top of Subject Index N National debt - Article VI Clause 1 Native Americans (see Indians) Naturalization - Article I Section 8 Clause 4 Navy - Article I Section 8 Clause 13-14; Article II Section 2 Clause 1 “Necessary and proper” clause - Article I Section 8 Clause 18 Nominate - Article II Section 2 Clause 2; Amendment XXV to top of Subject Index O Oath of office, federal and state - Article II Section 1 Clause 8; Article VI Original jurisdiction - Article III Section 2 Clause 2 to top of Subject Index P (subject index still being added) Pardons and reprieves, President's power - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 People, powers reserved to - Amendment X Persons - Amendment XIV Petition the government, right to - Amendment I “Pocket veto” - Article I Section 7 Clause 2 Poll tax, prohibition - Amendment XXIV Post offices & roads, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 7 Presidency, succession to - Article II Section 1; Amendment 20; Amendment 25 President disability - A25,3 election - Article II Section 1; Amendment 12; Amendment 22; Amendment 23 eligibility for office - Article II Section 1 legislation, role in - Article I Section 7 oath of office - Article II Section 1 powers & duties - Article IV Section 2 term of office & compensation - Article II Section 1 Press, freedom of - A1 Privileges and immunities (of citizens) - Article IV Section 2; Amendment 14 Section 1 Prohibition - Amendment 18; Amendment 21 Property, taking for public use - Amendment 5 Punishments, cruel and unusual - Amendment 8 to top of Subject Index R Ratification of Constitution - Article V Religion, freedom of - Amendment I Religious oaths - Article VI Resident (see Inhabitant) - Article II Section 1 Clause 5 to top of Subject Index S Search and seizure - Amendment 4 Seas, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Secrecy - Article I Section 5 Self-incrimination - Amendment 5 Senate election to & eligibility for - Article I Section 3 equal representation of states - V officers - Article I Section 3 President of - Article I Section 3;Amendment 12 President of, pro tempore - Article I Section 3;Amendment 25 special powers impeachment trials - Article I Section 3 Presidential appointments - Article II Section 2 treaties - Article II Section 2 terms of office - Article I Section 3; Article I Section 6 vacancies - Amendment 17 Slavery, prohibition - Amendment 13; A14,4 Soldiers, quartering of - Amendment 3 Speech, freedom of - A1 Spending, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 State of Union message - Article II Section 3 States and federal elections - Article I Section 4 formation & admission to Union - Article IV Section 3 powers requiring consent of Congress - Article I Section 10 powers reserved to - Amendment 10 protection against invasion, violence - Article IV Section 4 republican form of government guaranteed - Article IV Section 4 suits against - Article III Section 2; Amendment 11 Sundays - Article I Section 7 Supreme law of the land (Constitution) - VI to top of Subject Index T Taxing power in general - Article I Section 7 Clause 1; Article I Section 8 Clause 1 direct taxes prohibited - Article I Section 9 Clause 4 income taxes permitted - Amendment XVI Territories - Article IV Section 3 Clause 2 Titles of nobility - Article I Section 9 Clause 8 Treason - Article III Section 3 Treaty(ies) - Article I Section 10 Clause 1; Article II Section 2 Clause 2; Article III Section 2 Clause 1; Article VI Clause 2 Trial - Article I Section 3 Clause 6-7; Article III Section 2 Clause 3; Amendment VI; Amendment VII to top of Subject Index V Veto, President's power - Article I Section 7 Clause 2 Vice-President conditions for assuming Presidency - Article II Section 1 Clause 6; Amendment XX Section 3; Amendment XXV declaring President disabled, role in - Amendment XX Section 4; Amendment XXV succession to - Amendment XX Section 4; Amendment XXV Senate, role in - Article I Section 3 Clause 4; Amendment XII term of office - Article II Section 1 Clause 1 Voting rights - Amendment XIV; Amendment XXIV blacks, former slaves - Amendment XV eighteen-years-old - Amendment XXVI Section 1 women - Amendment XIX Section 1 to top of Subject Index W War powers (see Congress, declaring war, powers; President, powers & duties; States, protection against invasion) Warrants - Amendment IV Weights and measures, standards of - Article I Section 8 Clause 5 Women - (see Persons) to top of Subject Index Sample code to link from your own web site or email skip to Ratifications up to Subject Index Find in the index your reference and copy the link location. Construct your own link such as: Article 1 Section 2 - The House change to your own text the part >Article 1 Section 2 - The House to >your text if you wish some other description of the link The title attribute is optional, it is what causes a brief display of what's in the quotes when the cursor is over the link. Remember white space is important in HTML. In this example a line feed is used but it could be a space(s) or tab(s). There must be no white space after the attributes href or title or after the equal sign. What follows the equal sign should be in quotes (double or single, just so they match). If you are using a composer just fill in the appropriate bits, such as the part between the quotes (after href=) into the href portion of adding a link. Add the attribute target="_blank" to make it open in a new window. Text only email will vary you may just use http://constitutionus.com/#a1s2 to send the link, and the text will read the same as the link. Other may require you to add < and > around the link. Send some to yourself to see what your mail client does. Ratifications skip to Copyright up to Sample code The Constitution The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September 17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several States, on the following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788. The Constitution was subsequently ratified by Virginia, June 25, 1788; New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790; and Vermont, January 10, 1791. In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an alteration in the Articles of Confederation, but no action was taken on it, and it was left to the State Legislatures to proceed in the matter. In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution providing for the appointment of five commissioners, who, or any three of them, should meet such commissioners as might be appointed in the other States of the Union, at a time and place to be agreed upon, to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interest and their permanent harmony; and to report to the several States such an act, relative to this great object, as, when ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress effectually to provide for the same. The Virginia commissioners, after some correspondence, fixed the first Monday in September as the time, and the city of Annapolis as the place for the meeting, but only four other States were represented, viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; the commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island failed to attend. Under the circumstances of so partial a representation, the commissioners present agreed upon a report, (drawn by Mr. Hamilton, of New York,) expressing their unanimous conviction that it might essentially tend to advance the interests of the Union if the States by which they were respectively delegated would concur, and use their endeavors to procure the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of commissioners to meet at Philadelphia on the Second Monday of May following, to take into consideration the situation of the United States; to devise such further provisions as should appear to them necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union; and to report such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress assembled as, when agreed to by them and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State, would effectually provide for the same. Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts, and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The president of the convention transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government should be put in operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787, directed the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning the same, to “be transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention.” On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing the operations of Government under the new Constitution, it had been ratified by the conventions chosen in each State to consider it, as follows: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 25, 1788; and New York, July 26, 1788. The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that North Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that Rhode Island had ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention, ratified the Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of Congress approved February 18, 1791, “received and admitted into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States”. Constitution [Article I] through [Article X] (The Bill of Rights) The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789. The first ten amendments were ratified by the following States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, February 24, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791. Ratification was completed on December 15, 1791. The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of Massachusetts, March 2, 1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and Connecticut, April 19, 1939. Bill of Rights [Article XI] The eleventh amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Third Congress, on the 4th of March 1794; and was declared in a message from the President to Congress, dated the 8th of January, 1798, to have been ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States. The dates of ratification were: NewYork, March 27, 1794; Rhode Island, March 31, 1794; Connecticut, May 8, 1794; New Hampshire, June 16, 1794; Massachusetts, June 26, 1794; Vermont, between October 9, 1794 and November 9, 1794; Virginia, November 18, 1794; Georgia, November 29, 1794; Kentucky, December 7, 1794; Maryland, December 26, 1794; Delaware, January 23, 1795; North Carolina, February 7, 1795. Ratification was completed on February 7, 1795. The amendment was subsequently ratified by South Carolina on December 4, 1797. New Jersey and Pennsylvania did not take action on the amendment. amendment 11 [Article XII] The twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Eighth Congress, on the 9th of December, 1803, in lieu of the original third paragraph of the first section of the second article; and was declared in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of September, 1804, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 13 of the 17 States. The dates of ratification were: North Carolina, December 21, 1803; Maryland, December 24, 1803; Kentucky, December 27, 1803; Ohio, December 30, 1803; Pennsylvania, January 5, 1804; Vermont, January 30, 1804; Virginia, February 3, 1804; New York, February 10, 1804; New Jersey, February 22, 1804; Rhode Island, March 12, 1804; South Carolina, May 15, 1804; Georgia, May 19, 1804; New Hampshire, June 15, 1804. Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Tennessee, July 27, 1804. The amendment was rejected by Delaware, January 18, 1804; Massachusetts, February 3, 1804; Connecticut, at its session begun May 10, 1804. amendment 12 Article XIII The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-eighth Congress, on the 31st day of January, 1865, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 18th of December, 1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the thirty-six States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois, February 1, 1865; Rhode Island, February 2, 1865; Michigan, February 2, 1865; Maryland, February 3, 1865; New York, February 3, 1865; Pennsylvania, February 3, 1865; West Virginia, February 3, 1865; Missouri, February 6, 1865; Maine, February 7, 1865; Kansas, February 7, 1865; Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Virginia, February 9, 1865; Ohio, February 10, 1865; Indiana, February 13, 1865; Nevada, February 16, 1865; Louisiana, February 17, 1865; Minnesota, February 23, 1865; Wisconsin, February 24, 1865; Vermont, March 9, 1865; Tennessee, April 7, 1865; Arkansas, April 14, 1865; Connecticut, May 4, 1865; New Hampshire, July 1, 1865; South Carolina, November 13, 1865; Alabama, December 2, 1865; North Carolina, December 4, 1865; Georgia, December 6, 1865. Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Oregon, December 8, 1865; California, December 19, 1865; Florida, December 28, 1865 (Florida again ratified on June 9, 1868, upon its adoption of a new constitution); Iowa, January 15, 1866; New Jersey, January 23, 1866 (after having rejected the amendment on March 16, 1865); Texas, February 18, 1870; Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected the amendment on February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on February 24, 1865). The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Mississippi, December 4, 1865. amendment 13 Article XIV The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-ninth Congress, on the 13th of June, 1866. It was declared, in a certificate of the Secretary of State dated July 28, 1868 to have been ratified by the legislatures of 28 of the 37 States. The dates of ratification were: Connecticut, June 25, 1866; New Hampshire, July 6, 1866; Tennessee, July 19, 1866; New Jersey, September 11, 1866 (subsequently the legislature rescinded its ratification, and on March 24, 1868, readopted its resolution of rescission over the Governor's veto, and on Nov. 12, 1980, expressed support for the amendment); Oregon, September 19, 1866 (and rescinded its ratification on October 15, 1868); Vermont, October 30, 1866; Ohio, January 4, 1867 (and rescinded its ratification on January 15, 1868); New York, January 10, 1867; Kansas, January 11, 1867; Illinois, January 15, 1867; West Virginia, January 16, 1867; Michigan, January 16, 1867; Minnesota, January 16, 1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867; Indiana, January 23, 1867; Missouri, January 25, 1867; Rhode Island, February 7, 1867; Wisconsin, February 7, 1867; Pennsylvania, February 12, 1867; Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa, March 16, 1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June 9, 1868; North Carolina, July 4, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 14, 1866); Louisiana, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on February 6, 1867); South Carolina, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 20, 1866). Ratification was completed on July 9, 1868. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Alabama, July 13, 1868; Georgia, July 21, 1868 (after having rejected it on November 9, 1866); Virginia, October 8, 1869 (after having rejected it on January 9, 1867); Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Texas, February 18, 1870 (after having rejected it on October 27, 1866); Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected it on February 8, 1867); Maryland, April 4, 1959 (after having rejected it on March 23, 1867); California, May 6, 1959; Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on January 8, 1867). amendment 14 Article XV The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Fortieth Congress, on the 26th of February, 1869, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated March 30, 1870, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-nine of the thirty-seven States. The dates of ratification were: Nevada, March 1, 1869; West Virginia, March 3, 1869; Illinois, March 5, 1869; Louisiana, March 5, 1869; North Carolina, March 5, 1869; Michigan, March 8, 1869; Wisconsin, March 9, 1869; Maine, March 11, 1869; Massachusetts, March 12, 1869; Arkansas, March 15, 1869; South Carolina, March 15, 1869; Pennsylvania, March 25, 1869; New York, April 14, 1869 (and the legislature of the same State passed a resolution January 5, 1870, to withdraw its consent to it, which action it rescinded on March 30, 1970); Indiana, May 14, 1869; Connecticut, May 19, 1869; Florida, June 14, 1869; New Hampshire, July 1, 1869; Virginia, October 8, 1869; Vermont, October 20, 1869; Missouri, January 7, 1870; Minnesota, January 13, 1870; Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Rhode Island, January 18, 1870; Kansas, January 19, 1870; Ohio, January 27, 1870 (after having rejected it on April 30, 1869); Georgia, February 2, 1870; Iowa, February 3, 1870. Ratification was completed on February 3, 1870, unless the withdrawal of ratification by New York was effective; in which event ratification was completed on February 17, 1870, when Nebraska ratified. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Texas, February 18, 1870; New Jersey, February 15, 1871 (after having rejected it on February 7, 1870); Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected it on March 18, 1869); Oregon, February 24, 1959; California, April 3, 1962 (after having rejected it on January 28, 1870); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on March 12, 1869). The amendment was approved by the Governor of Maryland, May 7, 1973; Maryland having previously rejected it on February 26, 1870. The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Tennessee, November 16, 1869. amendment 15 Article XVI The sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-first Congress on the 12th of July, 1909, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of February, 1913, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Alabama, August 10, 1909; Kentucky, February 8, 1910; South Carolina, February 19, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910; Mississippi, March 7, 1910; Oklahoma, March 10, 1910; Maryland, April 8, 1910; Georgia, August 3, 1910; Texas, August 16, 1910; Ohio, January 19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911; Oregon, January 23, 1911; Washington, January 26, 1911; Montana, January 30, 1911; Indiana, January 30, 1911; California, January 31, 1911; Nevada, January 31, 1911; South Dakota, February 3, 1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North Carolina, February 11, 1911; Colorado, February 15, 1911; North Dakota, February 17, 1911; Kansas, February 18, 1911; Michigan, February 23, 1911; Iowa, February 24, 1911; Missouri, March 16, 1911; Maine, March 31, 1911; Tennessee, April 7, 1911; Arkansas, April 22, 1911 (after having rejected it earlier); Wisconsin, May 26, 1911; New York, July 12, 1911; Arizona, April 6, 1912; Minnesota, June 11, 1912; Louisiana, June 28, 1912; West Virginia, January 31, 1913; New Mexico, February 3, 1913. Ratification was completed on February 3, 1913. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts, March 4, 1913; New Hampshire, March 7, 1913 (after having rejected it on March 2, 1911). The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah. amendment 16 [Article XVII] The seventeenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-second Congress on the 13th of May, 1912, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 31st of May, 1913, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Massachusetts, May 22, 1912; Arizona, June 3, 1912; Minnesota, June 10, 1912; New York, January 15, 1913; Kansas, January 17, 1913; Oregon, January 23, 1913; North Carolina, January 25, 1913; California, January 28, 1913; Michigan, January 28, 1913; Iowa, January 30, 1913; Montana, January 30, 1913; Idaho, January 31, 1913; West Virginia, February 4, 1913; Colorado, February 5, 1913; Nevada, February 6, 1913; Texas, February 7, 1913; Washington, February 7, 1913; Wyoming, February 8, 1913; Arkansas, February 11, 1913; Maine, February 11, 1913; Illinois, February 13, 1913; North Dakota, February 14, 1913; Wisconsin, February 18, 1913; Indiana, February 19, 1913; New Hampshire, February 19, 1913; Vermont, February 19, 1913; South Dakota, February 19, 1913; Oklahoma, February 24, 1913; Ohio, February 25, 1913; Missouri, March 7, 1913; New Mexico, March 13, 1913; Nebraska, March 14, 1913; New Jersey, March 17, 1913; Tennessee, April 1, 1913; Pennsylvania, April 2, 1913; Connecticut, April 8, 1913. Ratification was completed on April 8, 1913. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Louisiana, June 11, 1914. The amendment was rejected by Utah (and not subsequently ratified) on February 26, 1913. amendment 17 Article [XVIII]16 The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress, on the 18th of December, 1917, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 29th of January, 1919, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Mississippi, January 8, 1918; Virginia, January 11, 1918; Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 25, 1918; South Carolina, January 29, 1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918; Montana, February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18, 1918; South Dakota, March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 1918; Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 26, 1918; Louisiana, August 3, 1918; Florida, December 3, 1918; Michigan, January 2, 1919; Ohio, January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; Idaho, January 8, 1919; Maine, January 8, 1919; West Virginia, January 9, 1919; California, January 13, 1919; Tennessee, January 13, 1919; Washington, January 13, 1919; Arkansas, January 14, 1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919; Alabama, January 15, 1919; Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, January 15, 1919; New Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, January 15, 1919; Nebraska, January 16, 1919; North Carolina, January 16, 1919; Utah, January 16, 1919; Missouri, January 16, 1919; Wyoming, January 16, 1919. Ratification was completed on January 16, 1919. See Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368, 376 (1921). The amendment was subsequently ratified by Minnesota on January 17, 1919; Wisconsin, January 17, 1919; New Mexico, January 20, 1919; Nevada, January 21, 1919; New York, January 29, 1919; Vermont, January 29, 1919; Pennsylvania, February 25, 1919; Connecticut, May 6, 1919; and New Jersey, March 9, 1922. The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Rhode Island. amendment 18 Women's Suffrage Rights Article [XIX] The nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-sixth Congress, on the 4th of June, 1919, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 26th of August, 1920, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois, June 10, 1919 (and that State readopted its resolution of ratification June 17, 1919); Michigan, June 10, 1919; Wisconsin, June 10, 1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York, June 16, 1919; Ohio, June 16, 1919; Pennsylvania, June 24, 1919; Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919; Iowa, July 2, 1919; Missouri, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August 2, 1919; Nebraska, August 2, 1919; Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New Hampshire, September 10, 1919; Utah, October 2, 1919; California, November 1, 1919; Maine, November 5, 1919; North Dakota, December 1, 1919; South Dakota, December 4, 1919; Colorado, December 15, 1919; Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode Island, January 6, 1920; Oregon, January 13, 1920; Indiana, January 16, 1920; Wyoming, January 27, 1920; Nevada, February 7, 1920; New Jersey, February 9, 1920; Idaho, February 11, 1920; Arizona, February 12, 1920; New Mexico, February 21, 1920; Oklahoma, February 28, 1920; West Virginia, March 10, 1920; Washington, March 22, 1920; Tennessee, August 18, 1920. Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut on September 14, 1920 (and that State reaffirmed on September 21, 1920); Vermont, February 8, 1921; Delaware, March 6, 1923 (after having rejected it on June 2, 1920); Maryland, March 29, 1941 (after having rejected it on February 24, 1920, ratification certified on February 25, 1958); Virginia, February 21, 1952 (after having rejected it on February 12, 1920); Alabama, September 8, 1953 (after having rejected it on September 22, 1919); Florida, May 13, 1969; South Carolina, July 1, 1969 (after having rejected it on January 28, 1920, ratification certified on August 22, 1973); Georgia, February 20, 1970 (after having rejected it on July 24, 1919); Louisiana, June 11, 1970 (after having rejected it on July 1, 1920); North Carolina, May 6, 1971; Mississippi, March 22, 1984 (after having rejected it on March 29, 1920). amendment 19 Article [XX] The twentieth amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the legislatures of the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 2d day of March, 1932, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 6th day of February, 1933, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Virginia, March 4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932; Mississippi, March 16, 1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932; Kentucky, March 17, 1932; New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina, March 25, 1932; Michigan, March 31, 1932; Maine, April 1, 1932; Rhode Island, April 14, 1932; Illinois, April 21, 1932; Louisiana, June 22, 1932; West Virginia, July 30, 1932; Pennsylvania, August 11, 1932; Indiana, August 15, 1932; Texas, September 7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 1932; California, January 4, 1933; North Carolina, January 5, 1933; North Dakota, January 9, 1933; Minnesota, January 12, 1933; Arizona, January 13, 1933; Montana, January 13, 1933; Nebraska, January 13, 1933; Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; Kansas, January 16, 1933; Oregon, January 16, 1933; Delaware, January 19, 1933; Washington, January 19, 1933; Wyoming, January 19, 1933; Iowa, January 20, 1933; South Dakota, January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January 20, 1933; Idaho, January 21, 1933; New Mexico, January 21, 1933; Georgia, January 23, 1933; Missouri, January 23, 1933; Ohio, January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933. Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts on January 24, 1933; Wisconsin, January 24, 1933; Colorado, January 24, 1933; Nevada, January 26, 1933; Connecticut, January 27, 1933; New Hampshire, January 31, 1933; Vermont, February 2, 1933; Maryland, March 24, 1933; Florida, April 26, 1933. amendment 20 Article [XXI] The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of February, 1933, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Michigan, April 10, 1933; Wisconsin, April 25, 1933; Rhode Island, May 8, 1933; Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey, June 1, 1933; Delaware, June 24, 1933; Indiana, June 26, 1933; Massachusetts, June 26, 1933; New York, June 27, 1933; Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July amendment 21 Amendment XXII Passed by Congress March 21, 1947. Ratified February 27, 1951. amendment 22 Amendment XXIII Passed by Congress June 16, 1960. Ratified March 29, 1961. amendment 23 Amendment XXIV Passed by Congress August 27, 1962. Ratified January 23, 1964. amendment 24 Amendment XXV Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967. amendment 25 Amendment XXVI Passed by Congress March 23, 1971. Ratified July 1, 1971. amendment 26 Amendment XXVII Originally proposed Sept. 25, 1789. Ratified May 7, 1992. The date of September 25, 1789, is correct. The amendment was initially ratified by 6 states (MD, NC, SC, DE, VT, VA), and the other 8 states excluded, omitted, rejected, or excepted it. The amendment was ratified by various states over time, and in 1992 was fully ratified as an amendment to the Constitution. For more information see: United States. The Constitution of the United States of America : with a summary of the actions by the states in ratification thereof ; to which is appended, for its historical interest, the Constitution of the Confederate States of America / prepared and distributed by the Virginia on Constitutional Government. Richmond : Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government, 1961. 94 p. amendment 27 Copyright and Contact skip to Outside navigation up to Ratifications this HTML version © MMIII - MMXIV by George W. 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    The Constitution of the United StatesThe Bill of Rights & All Amendments A highly accessible, easy to use online version full text transcript including the Bill of Rights and the rest of the Amendments with both sequential and subject indexes. Note—spellings are from the original documents: see list. Index (access key I) Subject Index (access key S) For first time users, vision settings, and hide clause #s. (access key H) skip to Letter of Transmittal Full size web images of The Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and Bill of Rights are also available for viewing. Constitution Day is September 17. 1 The Preamble showing, written larger than the rest, We the People (Preamble) We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. Article I (Article 1 - Legislative) Section 1 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Section 2 1: The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature. 2: No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 3: Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons.2 The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 4: When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. 5: The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. Section 3 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof,3 for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. 2: Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.4 3: No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. 4: The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided. 5: The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States. 6: The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present. 7: Judgment in Cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. Section 4 1: The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators. 2: The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,5 unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day. Section 5 1: Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. 2: Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. 3: Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. 4: Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. Section 6 1: The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.6 They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place. 2: No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office. Section 7 1: All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills. 2: Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. 3: Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill. Section 8 1: The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States; 2: To borrow Money on the credit of the United States; 3: To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes; 4: To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States; 5: To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; 6: To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; 7: To establish Post Offices and post Roads; 8: To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries; 9: To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; 10: To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations; 11: To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; 12: To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years; 13: To provide and maintain a Navy; 14: To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; 15: To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions; 16: To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 17: To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—And 18: To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Section 9 1: The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. 2: The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it. 3: No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 4: No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.7 5: No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State. 6: No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. 7: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time. 8: No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State. Section 10 1: No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility. 2: No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress. 3: No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay. Article II (Article 2 - Executive) Section 1 1: The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows 2: Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector. 3: The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.8 4: The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States. 5: No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States. 6: In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office,9 the Same shall devolve on the VicePresident, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected. 7: The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them. 8: Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—“I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States.” Section 2 1: The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. 2: He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. 3: The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. Section 3 He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States. Section 4 The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors. Article III (Article 3 - Judicial) Section 1 The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office. Section 2 1: The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—between a State and Citizens of another State;10 —between Citizens of different States, —between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. 2: In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellateJurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. 3: The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed. Section 3 1: Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. 2: The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted. Article IV (Article 4 - States' Relations) Section 1 Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof. Section 2 1: The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States. 2: A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 3: No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labour may be due.11 Section 3 1: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress. 2: The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State. Section 4 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence. Article V (Article 5 - Mode of Amendment) The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. Article VI (Article 6 - Prior Debts, National Supremacy, Oaths of Office) 1: All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 2: This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 3: The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. Article VII (Article 7 - Ratification) The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same. The Word "the", being interlined between the seventh and eight Lines of the first Page, The Word "Thirty" being partly written on an Erazure in the fifteenth Line of the first Page. The Words "is tried" being interlined between the thirty second and thirty third Lines of the first Page and the Word "the" being interlined between the forty third and forty fourth Lines of the second Page. done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth In witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names, Attest William Jackson Secretary Go: Washington -Presidt. and deputy from Virginia Showing George Washington's signature. Delaware Geo: Read Gunning Bedford jun John Dickinson Richard Bassett Jaco: Broom Maryland James McHenry Dan of St Thos. Jenifer Danl Carroll. Virginia John Blair— James Madison Jr. North Carolina Wm Blount Richd. Dobbs Spaight. Hu Williamson South Carolina J. Rutledge Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney Pierce Butler. Georgia William Few Abr Baldwin New Hampshire John Langdon Nicholas Gilman Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Connecticut Wm. Saml. Johnson Roger Sherman New York Alexander Hamilton New Jersey Wil. Livingston David Brearley. Wm. Paterson. Jona: Dayton Pennsylvania B Franklin Thomas Mifflin Robt Morris Geo. Clymer Thos. FitzSimons Jared Ingersoll James Wilson. Gouv Morris Letter of Transmittal skip to Letter of Transmittal to Congress up to the Constitution In Convention. Monday September 17th 1787. Present The States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. Hamilton from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Resolved, That the preceeding Constitution be laid before the United States in Congress assembled, and that it is the Opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be submitted to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each State by the People thereof, under the Recommendation of its Legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that each Convention assenting to, and ratifying the Same, should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress assembled. Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this Convention, that as soon as the Conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified the same, and a Day on which the Electors should assemble to vote for the President, and the Time and Place for commencing Proceedings under this Constitution. That after such Publication the Electors should be appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected: That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the Election of the President, and should transmit their Votes certified, signed, sealed and directed, as the Constitution requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled, that the Senators and Representatives should convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators should appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole Purpose of receiving, opening and counting the Votes for President; and, that after he shall be chosen, the Congress, together with the President, should, without Delay, proceed to execute this Constitution. By the unanimous Order of the Convention W. Jackson Secretary. Go: Washington -Presidt. Letter of Transmittal to the President of Congress skip to Amendments up to Letter of Transmittal In Convention. Monday September 17th 1787. SIR: We have now the honor to submit to the consideration of the United States in Congress assembled, that Constitution which has appeared to us the most advisable. The friends of our country have long seen and desired that the power of making war, peace, and treaties, that of levying money, and regulating commerce, and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities, should be fully and effectually vested in the General Government of the Union; but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one body of men is evident: hence results the necessity of a different organization. It is obviously impracticable in the Federal Government of these States to secure all rights of independent sovereignty to each, and yet provide for the interest and safety of all. Individuals entering into society must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest. The magnitude of the sacrifice must depend as well on situation and circumstance, as on the object to be obtained. It is at all times difficult to draw with precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered, and those which may be preserved; and, on the present occasion, this difficulty was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situation, extent, habits, and particular interests. In all our deliberations on this subject, we kept steadily in our view that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American, the consolidation of our Union, in which is involved our prosperity, felicity, safety—perhaps our national existence. This important consideration, seriously and deeply impressed on our minds, led each State in the Convention to be less rigid on points of inferior magnitude than might have been otherwise expected; and thus, the Constitution which we now present is the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual deference and concession, which the peculiarity of our political situation rendered indispensable. That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State is not, perhaps, to be expected; but each will, doubtless, consider, that had her interest alone been consulted, the consequences might have been particularly disagreeable or injurious to others; that it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected, we hope and believe; that it may promote the lasting welfare of that Country so dear to us all, and secure her freedom and happiness, is our most ardent wish. With great respect, we have the honor to be, SIR, your excellency's most obedient and humble servants: GEORGE WASHINGTON, President. By the unanimous order of the convention. His Excellency the President of Congress. Amendments to the Constitution skip to Notes up to Letter of Transmittal to Congress (The procedure for changing the United States Constitution is Article V - Mode of Amendment) (The Preamble to The Bill of Rights) showing the heading of the Bill of Rights Congress OF THE United States begun and held at the City of New-York, on Wednesday the fourth of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine. THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses should be added: And as extending the ground of public confidence in the Government, will best ensure the beneficent ends of its institution. RESOLVED by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America, in Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concurring, that the following Articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States, all, or any of which Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz. ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original Constitution.12 (Articles I through X are known as the Bill of Rights) ratified - Article the first. .... After the first enumeration required by the first Article of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thousand, until the number shall amount to one hundred, after which, the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall be not less than one hundred Representatives, nor less than one Representative for every forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount to two hundred, after which the proportion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor more than one Representative for every fifty thousand persons. - Article the second. .... No law, varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. see Amendment XXVII Article [I] (Amendment 1 - Freedom of expression and religion) 13 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Article [II] (Amendment 2 - Bearing Arms) A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed. Article [III] (Amendment 3 - Quartering Soldiers) No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article [IV] (Amendment 4 - Search and Seizure) The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. Article [V] (Amendment 5 - Rights of Persons) No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. Article [VI] (Amendment 6 - Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions) In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. Article [VII] (Amendment 7 - Civil Trials) In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Article [VIII] (Amendment 8 - Further Guarantees in Criminal Cases) Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article [IX] (Amendment 9 - Unenumerated Rights) The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. Article [X] (Amendment 10 - Reserved Powers) The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. Attest, John Beckley, Clerk of the House of Representatives. Sam. A. Otis Secretary of the Senate. Frederick Augustus Muhlenberg Speaker of the House of Representatives. John Adams, Vice-President of the United States, and President of the Senate. (end of the Bill of Rights) [Article XI] (Amendment 11 - Suits Against States) The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. ratified #11 affects 10 [Article XII] (Amendment 12 - Election of President) The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;—The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted;—The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.14 —The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States. ratified #12 affects 8 Article XIII (Amendment 13 - Slavery and Involuntary Servitude) Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. affects 11 Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #13 Article XIV (Amendment 14 - Rights Guaranteed: Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process, and Equal Protection) 1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. 2: Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age,15 and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State. affects 2 3: No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability. 4: The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. 5: The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. ratified #14 Article XV (Amendment 15 - Rights of Citizens to Vote) The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #15 Article XVI (Amendment 16 - Income Tax) The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. ratified #16 affects 2 [Article XVII] (Amendment 17 - Popular Election of Senators) 1: The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislatures. affects 3 2: When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. affects 4 3: This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution. ratified #17 Article [XVIII] (Amendment 18 - Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors)16 1: After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited. 2: The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. 3: This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. ratified #18 Article [XIX] (Amendment 19 - Women's Suffrage Rights) The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. affects 15 Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #19 Article [XX] (Amendment 20 - Terms of President, Vice President, Members of Congress: Presidential Vacancy) 1: The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their successors shall then begin. affects 5 2: The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. affects 5 3: If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall have qualified. affects 9 affects 14 4: The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them. affects 9 5: Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratification of this article. 6: This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission. ratified #20 Article [XXI] (Amendment 21 - Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment) 1: The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. affects 16 2: The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited. 3: This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress. ratified #21 Amendment XXII (Amendment 22 - Presidential Tenure) 1: No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term. 2: This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several states within seven years from the date of its submission to the states by the Congress. ratified #22 Amendment XXIII (Amendment 23 - Presidential Electors for the District of Columbia) 1: The District constituting the seat of government of the United States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it were a state, but in no event more than the least populous state; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the states, but they shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a state; and they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of amendment. 2: The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #23 Amendment XXIV (Amendment 24 - Abolition of the Poll Tax Qualification in Federal Elections) 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax. 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #24 Amendment XXV affects 9 (Amendment 25 - Presidential Vacancy, Disability, and Inability) 1: In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice President shall become President. 2: Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress. 3: Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President as Acting President. 4: Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties of the office as Acting President. Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President; otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office. ratified #25 Amendment XXVI (Amendment 26 - Reduction of Voting Age Qualification) 1: The right of citizens of the United States, who are 18 years of age or older, to vote, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of age. affects 15 2: The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ratified #26 Amendment XXVII (Amendment 27 - Congressional Pay Limitation) No law varying the compensation for the services of the Senators and Representatives shall take effect until an election of Representatives shall have intervened. ratified #27 NOTES skip to Dates up to Amendments Note 1: This text of the Constitution follows the engrossed copy signed by Gen. Washington and the deputies from 12 States. The arabic numerals preceding the paragraphs designate Clauses, and were not printed (but are referred to) in the original and have no reference to footnotes that appear as small superior figures (superscripts). ratification Note 2: The part of Article 1 Section 2 Clause 3 relating to the mode of apportionment of representatives among the several States has been affected by Amendment XIV Section 2, and as to taxes on incomes without apportionment by Amendment XVI. Note 3: Article 1 Section 3 Clause 1 has been affected by Amendment XVII Section 1. Note 4: Article 1 Section 3 Clause 2 has been affected by Amendment XVII Section 2. Note 5: Article 1 Section 4 Clause 2 has been affected by Amendment XX. Note 6: Article 1 Section 6 Clause 1 has been affected by Amendment XXVII. Note 7: Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 has been affected by Amendment XVI. Note 8: Article 2 Section 1 Clause 3 has been superseded by Amendment XII. Note 9: Article 2 Section 1 Clause 6 has been affected by Amendment XX and Amendment XXV. Note 10: Article 3 Section 2 Clause 1 has been affected by Amendment XI. Note 11: Article 4 Section 2 Clause 3 has been affected by Amendment XIII Section 1. Note 12: The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States are known as the Bill of Rights Note 13: The Bill of Rights only had ten of the twelve articles ratified and these were then renumbered. Of the others only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th articles of amendment had numbers assigned to them at the time of ratification. Note 14: This sentence of Amendment XII has been superseded by Amendment XX Section 3. Note 15: Article XIV Section 2 is modified by Amendment XIX Section 1 and Amendment XXVI Section 1. Note 16: Amendment XVIII repealed by Amendment XXI Section 1. Dates skip to Spellings up to Notes May 25, 1787: The Constitutional Convention opens with a quorum of seven states in Philadelphia to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation. Eventually all states but Rhode Island are represented. Sept. 17, 1787: All 12 state delegations approve the Constitution, 39 delegates sign it of the 42 present, and the Convention formally adjourns. June 21, 1788: The Constitution becomes effective for the ratifying states when New Hampshire is the ninth state to ratify it. Mar. 4, 1789: The first Congress under the Constitution convenes in New York City. Apr. 30, 1789: George Washington is inaugurated as the first President of the United States. June 8, 1789: James Madison introduces proposed Bill of Rights in the House of Representatives. Sept. 24, 1789: Congress establishes a Supreme Court, 13 district courts, three ad hoc circuit courts, and the position of Attorney General. Sept. 25, 1789: Congress approves 12 amendments and sends them to the states for ratification. Feb. 2, 1790: Supreme Court convenes for the first time after an unsuccessful attempt February 1. Dec. 15, 1791: Virginia ratifies the Bill of Rights, and 10 of the 12 proposed amendments become part of the U.S. Constitution. Spellings skip to Vocabulary up to Dates Some words now have different spellings: behaviour - behavior chuse - choose chusing - choosing controul - control defence - defense encreased - increased erazure - erasure labour - labor offences - offenses Punctuation, hyphenation and grammar usage have also changed. Vocabulary skip to Sources up to Spellings Also check the Government Printing Office's Ben's Guide for Kids 3d - 3rd (third) abridged - shortened adjourn - suspend proceedings to another time adjournment - suspending proceedings to another time appellate - appeal (review decision) appropriation - authorize spending apportioned - distributed apportionment - distributing attainted - disgrace Bill of Attainder - legislative act pronouncing guilt without trial capitation - poll tax cession - grant comity - courteous recognition of laws and institutions of another (state) commenced - started concur - agree concurrant - at the same time concurrence - agreement concurring - in agreement construed - interpreted Corruption of Blood - punishment of person and heirs counsel - lawyer declaratory - explaining law or right democracy - this word is not in these documents directly, but “We the people” and “Republican Form of Government” are - most people say our form of government is a “Federal Democratic Republic” devolved - passed on or delegated to another disparage - belittle duties - job duties - charge (like a tax) duty - job duty - charge (like a tax) Duty of Tonnage - charge by weight emolument - power and/or pay emoluments - power and/or pay engrossed - final draft enumeration - count or list ex post facto - (latin) after the fact excises - internal taxes Habeas Corpus - a writ in court for release of unlawful restraint - (latin) produce body [of evidence] imminent - about to occur - do not confuse with eminent or immanent impeachment - formal accusation of wrongdoing impeachments - formal accusations of wrongdoing imposts - taxes or duties, that are imposed indictment - formal charges jurisdiction - right to control Letters of Marque - (grant right of piracy) - document issued by a nation allowing a private citizen to seize citizens or goods of another nation magazines - ammunition storerooms ordain - order prescribed - establish a rule privileged - rights given a group pro tempore - temporary - (latin) for a time posterity - descendants quartered - housed quartering - housing quorum - minimum valid number of people redress - correct a wrong repassed - passed again reprisal - retaliation republican - representative and officers elected by citizens and responsible to them suffrage - vote - voting tranquility - peace treason - betrayal of country vessels - ships vested - given the right viz. - abbreviation for (latin) videlicet - namely (and when read aloud spoken as namely) from: The Columbia Guide to Standard American English welfare - well-being writ - order writs - orders How to read Roman numerals: The upper case letter I represents the arabic 1. The upper case letter V represents the arabic 5. The upper case letter X represents the arabic 10. The upper case letter L represents the arabic 50. (not used in this document) The upper case letter C represents the arabic 100. (not used in this document) The upper case letter D represents the arabic 500. (not used in this document) The upper case letter M represents the arabic 1,000. (not used in this document) A bar placed over a letter or group of letters multiplies that value by 1,000. (not used in this document) If the letter to the right represents an equal or smaller value the numbers ADD. XXII is 22. If the letter to the right is a larger value then the numbers SUBTRACT. IV is 4. Only I is used with V or X, X with L or C, and C with D or M. There is no zero! Both C and M often still appear in commerce mixed with arabic therefore if someone orders a quantity of 5M, they want 5,000 not 5 million. A few more samples: XCV = 95, XIII = 13, XCIX = 99, XLIX = 49 If supported in the browser, hovering the cursor over the Roman number in this document will display the arabic equivalent for a short time. Given (first) name abbreviations: George - Go: - Geo: - Geo. Jacob - Jaco: Daniel - Dan - Danl William - Wm - Wm. - Wil. Richard - Richd John - J. Abraham - Abr Samuel - Saml - Sam. Johnathan - Jona: Robert - Robt Thomas - Thos Gouverneur - Gouv Of course B Franklin is Benjamin Franklin, jun and Jr. are junior, and Presidt. is President. See the following sources: skip to How to use up to Vocabulary (Links open a new window - Not responsible for the content of any outside links) US Government archives - includes images of the documents and biographies of the signers Federalist Papers - these 85 essays may be the best source of what the framers of the constitution had in mind. Ben's Guide for Kids Spanish & French versions and some history Publications.USA.gov Lesson Plans at the Library of Congress How to use this version skip to Accessibility up to Sources Select vision as needed Good Vision Low vision Very low vision Hide Clause #s (Access key N) Show Clause #s (Access key V) ( 1. Sample Clause or Ammendment Section) Hide/Show will take several seconds (up to minutes with IE & AOL on Windows) To Constitution or To Amendments, To Index (access key I) or Subject Index (access key S) To bookmark this page right click (on Mac hold click) on: ConstitutionUS.com Some features are browser dependent. Historic spellings, punctuation, hyphenation and grammar are retained. A spelling list is provide and in most browsers simply placing the cursor over the word will bring up the current spelling for a short time. Some words are not in everyday vocabulary. A vocabulary list is provide and in most browsers simply placing the cursor over the word or phrase will bring up an alternative for a short time. The division into clauses, not in the original, makes it easier to reference specific portions of the document allowing both an internal index and for use by external web pages such as teachers guide, or to emphasize a point of a given political point of view in a web page or email. Placing the cursor over a article number will display the article number as arabic and to what the article pertains. Placing the cursor over a section number will display the article and section number and to what the section pertains. Placing the cursor over a clause number will display the article, section and clause number and to what the clause pertains. Note: Sections with a single clause have no clause number. If clause numbers are hidden just hover over the first letter of the clause. If the hover feature is not available the short title of the article, section, or clause is listed in the index. Some documents call the division of amendments sections, others clauses, amendment 20 refers to its divisions as sections. They will be called sections in this document. The title attribute (not to be confused with the tag) used in this document in an attempt to provide quick vocabulary, spelling, heading group short titles, and other helps has been defined as a part of the Hyper Text Markup Language from its earliest days in the Anchor and LINK tags. The proper handling was suggested in 1997 with this handling repeated as part of the HTML 4.0 (and added to most tag types) later in the same year from the W3C. If the browser does not support this (i.e. Safari 1.1.1 v100.1 and before only work in clickable links, others - see table below) then most of the same information is duplicated in various sections such as spelling list, index and vocabulary list including how to read roman numerals. Footnotes are links displayed as superscripted arabic numbers (superior figures) and the text that they modify are displayed in a gray when using the normal stylesheet. Gray was chosen to leave the text readable as opposed to strikeout The punctuation around articles and section numbers have been removed since this practice has fallen into disuse and adds little to the feel of this version. (Article. I. becomes Article I) Article 1 Section 9 Clause 1 - Importation of Slaves; is shown as no longer in effect since its built in date has passed. Most transcriptions show the "Attest 'William Jackson' Secretary" at the end of the other signatures as if validating those. This one shows that he, more likely, was attesting to the document itself or possibly the list of corrections in the document. The Bill of Rights had twelve numbered articles but only ten were ratified. Since they were renumbered only the two unratified, which are shown in gray, are shown with the original number (as in Article the first) to try to avoid confusion. A note for anyone looking at the image of the Bill of Rights above or any document of a similar period is the usage of an elongated s that can often be confused with the letter f. The typical usage rules in this period seem to be that the elongated s is the main lower case s unless at the end of a word or the second s of a pair. Today the elongated s ( ∫ ) is typically only used in mathematical formulae as the notation for integral. There is a story that Shakespeare who spelled his own name Shakspere or Shakspeare gained the extra e when a typesetter had trouble fitting the elongated s next to the k. To Constitution or To Amendments, To Index (access key I) or Subject Index (access key S) Why another web version? Yes there are about 2,000 or so online versions. And about a 100 times that as partial versions. The better of some of the others are listed above in Sources. This is built for ease of use. With the built-in vocabulary it's hoped that it can be used as well by kids, and those for which english is not the first language with a minimum of outside reference. This is all loaded in one page. The Constitution, Amendments (including the Bill of Rights), Notes, spellings, vocabulary, index, ratifications for simpler browsing. Though it may take up to a minute to fully load with a slow modem connection, there is no reload time going from section to section. This attempts to stay out of the way while reading but bring quick access to notations, vocabulary, and spelling variations as well as ratifications. You may read it the way you like. Top to bottom. Jumping from Articles to Amendments that modify them to ratification information in any order. Other than the vocabulary it is offered very deliberately without interpretation. It is usable without style sheets as well as supplying a standard and two low vision style sheets. Supplies links so that anyone can point to a section, clause or amendment for someone else to be able to see in context with annotation available to that reader. small browser test area Hovering the cursor over each item below should bring up a help balloon (tool-tip) and/or display in the link area at the bottom of the browser the words title and the tag it is in. abbr dfn bold anchor no href anchor with href alt img Accessibility skip to Index up to How to Use This is a privately owned page and not required to meet any guidelines, however: An attempt has been made to provide additional accessibility to this important document. Basic web standards are used. In addition it has been checked for U.S. Section 508 compliance with Cynthia Saystm Portal Some of the challenges that may still be present are: Historic spellings are retained. For visual users both a section presenting a list of historic and current spellings is given and in most modern visual user agents (browsers) simply hovering the cursor over the word will bring up the current spelling for a short time. Aural (voice) agents may or may not have difficulty. Some words are not in everyday vocabulary. The method is the same as for spelling. Historic grammar, punctuation and hyphenation are retained. The division into clauses, not in the original, while making it easier to reference specific portions of the document may make the straight reading of the document somewhat more tedious. These can be hidden if the browser will support the “Hide clause #s” button above. Basic font size setting is left at browser setting in the preferred screen style sheet, doubled in the low vision screen style sheet. A very low vision screen style sheet provides white on black and fonts 4x default size. The hovering the cursor feature does not have any way of changing the displayed font size in any presently known browser nor does any style sheet standard have a setting for this purpose. Index skip to Subject Index up to Accessibility THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION (Preamble) Article I - The Legislative Section 1 - Congress Section 2 - The House of Representatives Clause 1 - Congressional Districting Clause 2 - Qualification of Members of Congress Clause 3 - Apportionment of Seats in the House Clause 4 - Vacancies Clause 5 - Officers and Power of Impeachment Section 3 - The Senate Clause 1 - Composition and Selection Clause 2 - Classes of Senators Clause 3 - Qualifications Clause 4 - The Vice President Clause 5 - Officers Clause 6 - Trial of Impeachment Clause 7 - Judgments on Impeachment Section 4 - Elections Clause 1 - Congressional Power to Regulate Clause 2 - Time of Assembling Section 5 - Powers and Duties of the House Clause 1 - Power to Judge Elections Clause 2 - Rules of Proceedings Clause 3 - Duty to Keep a Journal Clause 4 - Adjournments Section 6 - Rights and Disabilities of Members Clause 1 - Compensation and Immunities Clause 2 - Disabilities Section 7 - Legislative Process Clause 1 - Revenue Bills Clause 2 - Approval by the President Clause 3 - Presentation of Resolutions Section 8 - Powers of Congress Clause 1 - Power to Tax and Spend Clause 2 - Borrowing Power Clause 3- Commerce Power Clause 4 - Naturalization and Bankruptcies Clause 5 - Money Clause 6 - Money Clause 7 - Post Office Clause 8 - Copyrights and Patent Clause 9- Creating of Courts Clause 10 - Maritime Crimes Clause 11 - War; Military Establishment Clause 12 - War; Military Establishment Clause 13 - War; Military Establishment Clause 14 - War; Military Establishment Clause 15 - The Militia Clause 16 - The Militia Clause 17 - District of Columbia; Federal Property Clause 18 - Necessary Clause Section 9 - Powers Denied Congress Clause 1 - Importation of Slaves Clause 2 - Habeas Corpus Suspension Clause 3 - Bill of Attainder and Ex Post Facto Laws Clause 4 - Taxes Clause 5 - Duties on Exports from States Clause 6- Preference to Ports Clause 7- Appropriations and Accounting of Public Money Clause 8 - Titles of Nobility; Presents Section 10 - Powers Denied to the States Clause 1 - Not to Make Treaties, Coin Money, Pass Ex Post Facto Laws, Impair Contracts Clause 2 - Not to Levy Duties on Exports and Imports Clause 3 - Not to Lay Tonnage Duties, Keep Troops, Make Compacts, or Engage in War Article II - Executive Section 1 - The President Clause 1 - Powers and Term of the President Clause 2 - Election Clause 3 - Election Clause 4 - Election Clause 5 - Qualifications Clause 6 - Presidential Succession Clause 7 - Compensation and Emolument Clause 8 - Oath of Office Section 2 - Powers and Duties of the President Clause 1 - Commander-in-Chiefship; Presidential Advisers; Clause 2 - Treaties and Appointment of Officers Clause 3 - Vacancies during Recess of Senate Section 3 - Legislative, Diplomatic, and Law Enforcement Section 4 - Impeachment Article III - Judicial Section 1 - Judicial Power, Courts, Judges Section 2 - Judicial Power and Jurisdiction Clause 1 - Cases and Controversies; Grants of Jurisdiction Clause 2 - Original and Appellate Jurisdiction; Exceptions and Regulations of Appellate Jurisdiction Clause 3 - Trial by Jury Section 3 - Treason Clause 1 - Definition and Limitations Clause 2 - Punishment Article IV - States' Relations Section 1 - Full Faith and Credit Section 2 - Interstate Comity Clause 1 - State Citizenship: Privileges and Immunities Clause 2 - Interstate Rendition Clause 3 - Fugitives from Labor Section 3 - Admission of New States to Union; Property of United State Clause 1 - Admission of New States to Union Clause 2 - Property of the United States Section 4 - Obligations of United States to States Article V - Mode of Amendment Article VI - Prior Debts, National Supremacy, Oaths of Office Clause 1 - Validity of Prior Debts and Engagements Clause 2 - Supremacy of the Constitution, Laws and Treaties Clause 3 - Oath of Office Article VII - Ratification Letter of Transmittal Letter of Transmittal to the President of Congress Amendments to the Constitution (The Preamble to The Bill of Rights) (Articles I through X are known as the Bill of Rights) Article [I] - Freedom of expression and religion Article [II] - Bearing Arms Article [III] - Quartering Soldiers Article [IV] - Search and Seizure Article [V] - Rights of Persons Article [VI] - Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions Article [VII] - Civil Trials Article [VIII] - Further Guarantees in Criminal Cases Article [IX] - Unenumerated Rights Article [X] - Reserved Powers [Article XI] - Suits Against States [Article XII] - Election of President Article XIII - Slavery and Involuntary Servitude Section 1 - Slavery and Involuntary Servitude Section 2 - Enforcement Article XIV - Rights Guaranteed: Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process, and Equal Protection Section 1 - Rights Guaranteed Section 2 - Apportionment of Representation Section 3 - Disqualification and Public Debt Section 4 - Disqualification and Public Debt Section 5 - Enforcement Article XV - Rights of Citizens to Vote Article XVI - Income Tax [Article XVII] - Popular Election of Senators Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Article [XVIII] - Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquor Section 1 - Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors Section 2 - Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power Section 3 - Ratification Article [XIX] - Women's Suffrage Rights Section 1 - Women's Suffrage Rights Section 2 - Enforcement Article [XX] - Terms of President, Vice President, Members of Congress: Presidential Vacancy Section 1 - Terms of President, Vice President, Senators, and Representatives Section 2 - Time of assembling Congress Section 3 - Filling vacancy in office of President Section 4 - Power of Congress in Presidential succession Section 5 - Time of taking effect Section 6 - Ratification Article [XXI] - Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment Section 1 - Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment Section 2 - Transportation of intoxicating liquors Section 3 - Ratification Amendment XXII - Presidential Tenure Section 1 - Presidential Tenure Section 2 - Enforcement Amendment XXIII - Presidential Electors for the District of Columbia Section 1 - Presidential Electors for the District of Columbia Section 2 - Enforcement Amendment XXIV - Abolition of the Poll Tax Qualification in Federal Elections Amendment XXV - Presidential Vacancy, Disability, and Inability Amendment XXVI - Reduction of Voting Age Qualification Section 1 - Reduction of Voting Age Qualification Section 2 - Enforcement Amendment XXVII - Congressional Pay Limitation NOTES Note 1: Original source of the Constitution text. Note 2: Article 1 Section 2 Clause 3 modified by Amendment XIV, and Amendment XVI. Note 3: Article 1 Section 3 Clause 1 has been affected by Amendment XVII. Note 4: Article 1 Section 3 Clause 2 modified by Amendment XVII. Note 5: Article 1 Section 4 Clause 2 modified by Amendment XX. Note 6: Article 1 Section 6 Clause 1 modified by Amendment XXVII. Note 7: Article 1 Section 9 Clause 4 modified by Amendment XVI. Note 8: Article 2 Section 1 Clause 3 superseded by amendment XII. Note 9: Article 2 Section 1 Clause 6 modified by amendment XX and amendment XXV. Note 10: Article 3 Section 2 Clause 1 modified by amendment XI. Note 11: Article 4 Section 2 Clause 3 modified by amendment XIII. Note 12: The Bill of Rights Note 13: Only the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th numbered at ratification. Note 14: Part of Amendment XII superseded by Amendment XX. Note 15: Article XIV is modified by Amendment XIX and Amendment XXVI. Note 16: Amendment XVIII repealed by Amendment XXI. Dates - Milestone dates for the constitution, bill of rights and the start of the U.S. government. Spellings Vocabulary Sources How to use this version Accessibility Index Subject Index Sample code to link from your own web site or email Ratifications Jun 21, 1788 Constitution Dec 15, 1791 (Articles I through X are known as the Bill of Rights) Article [I] - Freedom of expression and religion Article [II] - Bearing Arms Article [III] - Quartering Soldiers Article [IV] - Search and Seizure Article [V] - Rights of Persons Article [VI] - Rights of Accused in Criminal Prosecutions Article [VII] - Civil Trials Article [VIII] - Further Guarantees in Criminal Cases Article [IX] - Unenumerated Rights Article [X] - Reserved Powers Feb 7, 1795 [Article XI] - Suits Against States Jun 15, 1804 [Article XII] - Election of President Dec 6, 1865 Article XIII - Slavery and Involuntary Servitude Jul 9, 1868 Article XIV - Rights Guaranteed: Privileges and Immunities of Citizenship, Due Process, and Equal Protection Feb 3, 1870 Article XV - Rights of Citizens to Vote Feb 3, 1913 Article XVI - Income Tax Apr 8, 1913 [Article XVII] - Popular Election of Senators Jan 16, 1919 Article [XVIII] - Prohibition of Intoxicating Liquors Aug 18, 1920 Article [XIX] - Women's Suffrage Rights Jan 23, 1933 Article [XX] - Terms of President, Vice President, Members of Congress: Presidential Vacancy Mar 21, 1947 Article [XXI] - Repeal of Eighteenth Amendment Feb 27, 1951 Amendment XXII - Presidential Tenure Mar 29, 1961 Amendment XXIII - Presidential Electors for the District of Columbia Jan 24, 1964 Amendment XXIV - Abolition of the Poll Tax Qualification in Federal Elections Feb 10, 1967 Amendment XXV - Presidential Vacancy, Disability, and Inability Jul 1, 1971 Amendment XXVI - Reduction of Voting Age Qualification May 7, 1992 Amendment XXVII - Congressional Pay Limitation Copyright and Contact Outside navigation HTML and CSS validation Labeling Subject Index skip to Sample code up to Index Select first letter of subject: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Admiralty and; maritime cases - Article III Section 2 Advice and consent - Article II Section 2 Clause 2 Age, as qualification for public office President - Article II Section 1 Clause 5 Representatives - Article I Section 2 Clause 2 Senators - Article I Section 3 Clause 3 Age, voting - Amendment XXVI Ambassadors Case controversies - Article III Section 2 Clause 1 President's power - Article II Section 2 Clause 2; Article II Section 3 Amendment procedure - Article V Appellate jurisdiction - Article III Section 2 Clause 2 Appointment power - Article II Section 2 Clause 2 Appointments, temporary - Amendment XVII Section 2 Apportionment of representatives - Article I Section 2 Clause 3; Amendment XIV Section 2 Appropriations(s) - Article I Section 8 Arms, right to bear - Amendment II Army - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 Assembly, right of - Amendment l Authors - Article I Section 8 Clause 8 to top of Subject Index B Bail, excessive - Amendment 8 Bankruptcy, Congress, power - Article I Section 8 Clause 4 Bill of Rights (Amendments 1-10) - Amendments I-X Bills - Article I Section 7 Bills of attainder - Article I Section 9 Clause 3; Article I Section 10 Clause 1 Borrowing, Congress, power - Article I Section 8 Clause 2 to top of Subject Index C Cabinet officers, reports - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 Census - Article I Section 2 Clause 3 Chief Justice, role in impeachment trials - Article I Section 3 Clause 6 Commander in Chief - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 Commerce, Congress, power - Article I Section 8 Clause 3 Commission of officers - Article II Section 3 Clause 5 Compact - Article I Section 10 Clause 3 Congress annual meetings - Article I Section 4 Clause 2; declaring war - Article I Section 8 Clauses 11-14 legislative proceedings - Article I Section 5 Clause 2 members, compensation and privileges - Article I Section 6 Clause 1; organization - Article I Section 1 powers - Article I Section 8; Amendment XII special sessions - Article II Section 3 Congressional Record (Journal) - Article I Section 5 Clause 3 Constitution, purpose - Preamble Contracts, interference by states - Article I Section 10 Clause 3 Controversies, court cases - Article III Section 2 Clause 1 Conventions - Article V;VII; Amendment 21 Section 3 Copyrights & patents, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 8 Counsel, right to - Amendment 6 Counterfeiting, Congress' power to punish - Article I Section 8 Clause 6 Courts - (see Judiciary) Criminal proceedings, rights of accused - Amendment 5; Amendment 6 Currency, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 5 to top of Subject Index D Defense, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 District of Columbia - Article I Section 8 Clause 17; Amendment XXIII Section 1 Double jeopardy - Amendment V Due process of law - Amendment V; Amendment XIV Section 1 to top of Subject Index E Electoral College - Article II Section 1 Clause 4; Amendment XII; Amendment XXIII Section 1 Equal protection of laws - Amendment 14 Section 1 Equity - Article III Section 2 Clause 1; Amendment 11 Ex post facto laws - Article I Section 9 Clause 3; Article I Section 10 Clause 1 Extradition of fugitives by states - Article IV Section 2 Clause 2 to top of Subject Index F Fines, excessive - Amendment VIII Foreign affairs, President's power - Article II Section 2 Clause 2 Foreign commerce, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 1 Full faith and credit" clause - Article IV Section 1 to top of Subject Index G General welfare, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 1 Grand jury indictments - Amendment V Grievances, redress of - Amendment I to top of Subject Index H Habeas corpus - Article I Section 9 Clause 2 House of Representatives election to & eligibility for - Article I Section 2 Clause 2 members' terms of office - Article I Section 2 Clause 1; Article I Section 6 Clause 2 Speaker of - Article I Section 2 Clause 5; Amendment 24; Amendment 25 special powers impeachment - Article I Section 2 Clause 5 Presidential elections - Article II Section 1 Clause 3; Amendment 12 revenue bills - Article I Section 7 Clause 1 states' representation in - Article I Section 2 Clause 1; Article I Section 2 Clause 3 vacancies - Article I Section 2 Clause 4 to top of Subject Index I Immunities (see Privileges and immunities) Impeachment officials subject to - Article II Section 4 penalties - Article I Section 3 Clause 7 power of, lodged in House - Article I Section 2 Clause 5 reasons - Article II Section 4 trials, Senate - Article I Section 3 Clause 6 Indians, commerce with, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 3 Inhabitant (see Resident) - Article I Section 2 Clause 2; Article I Section 3 Clause 3 International law, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 3 Inventors - Article I Section 8 Clause 8 to top of Subject Index J Judiciary inferior courts - Article I Section 8 Clause 9; Article III Section 1 judicial review - Article III Section 2 Clause 2 jurisdiction - Article III Section 2 Section 2 nomination & confirmation of judges - Article II Section 2 Clause 2 Supreme Court - Article III Section 1 terms of office & compensation - Article III Section 1 Jury trials - Article III Section 2 Clause 3; Amendment VI; Amendment VII to top of Subject Index L “Lame duck” amendment - Amendment XX Liquor - Amendment XVIII; Amendment XXI to top of Subject Index M Marque and reprisal, letters of - Article I Section 8 Clause 11 Men (see Persons) Militia (Military) - Amendment II; Amendment V congressional powers - Article I Section 8 Clause 15 presidential powers - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 Money - Article I Section 8 Clause 5-6 to top of Subject Index N National debt - Article VI Clause 1 Native Americans (see Indians) Naturalization - Article I Section 8 Clause 4 Navy - Article I Section 8 Clause 13-14; Article II Section 2 Clause 1 “Necessary and proper” clause - Article I Section 8 Clause 18 Nominate - Article II Section 2 Clause 2; Amendment XXV to top of Subject Index O Oath of office, federal and state - Article II Section 1 Clause 8; Article VI Original jurisdiction - Article III Section 2 Clause 2 to top of Subject Index P (subject index still being added) Pardons and reprieves, President's power - Article II Section 2 Clause 1 People, powers reserved to - Amendment X Persons - Amendment XIV Petition the government, right to - Amendment I “Pocket veto” - Article I Section 7 Clause 2 Poll tax, prohibition - Amendment XXIV Post offices & roads, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Clause 7 Presidency, succession to - Article II Section 1; Amendment 20; Amendment 25 President disability - A25,3 election - Article II Section 1; Amendment 12; Amendment 22; Amendment 23 eligibility for office - Article II Section 1 legislation, role in - Article I Section 7 oath of office - Article II Section 1 powers & duties - Article IV Section 2 term of office & compensation - Article II Section 1 Press, freedom of - A1 Privileges and immunities (of citizens) - Article IV Section 2; Amendment 14 Section 1 Prohibition - Amendment 18; Amendment 21 Property, taking for public use - Amendment 5 Punishments, cruel and unusual - Amendment 8 to top of Subject Index R Ratification of Constitution - Article V Religion, freedom of - Amendment I Religious oaths - Article VI Resident (see Inhabitant) - Article II Section 1 Clause 5 to top of Subject Index S Search and seizure - Amendment 4 Seas, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 Secrecy - Article I Section 5 Self-incrimination - Amendment 5 Senate election to & eligibility for - Article I Section 3 equal representation of states - V officers - Article I Section 3 President of - Article I Section 3;Amendment 12 President of, pro tempore - Article I Section 3;Amendment 25 special powers impeachment trials - Article I Section 3 Presidential appointments - Article II Section 2 treaties - Article II Section 2 terms of office - Article I Section 3; Article I Section 6 vacancies - Amendment 17 Slavery, prohibition - Amendment 13; A14,4 Soldiers, quartering of - Amendment 3 Speech, freedom of - A1 Spending, Congress' power - Article I Section 8 State of Union message - Article II Section 3 States and federal elections - Article I Section 4 formation & admission to Union - Article IV Section 3 powers requiring consent of Congress - Article I Section 10 powers reserved to - Amendment 10 protection against invasion, violence - Article IV Section 4 republican form of government guaranteed - Article IV Section 4 suits against - Article III Section 2; Amendment 11 Sundays - Article I Section 7 Supreme law of the land (Constitution) - VI to top of Subject Index T Taxing power in general - Article I Section 7 Clause 1; Article I Section 8 Clause 1 direct taxes prohibited - Article I Section 9 Clause 4 income taxes permitted - Amendment XVI Territories - Article IV Section 3 Clause 2 Titles of nobility - Article I Section 9 Clause 8 Treason - Article III Section 3 Treaty(ies) - Article I Section 10 Clause 1; Article II Section 2 Clause 2; Article III Section 2 Clause 1; Article VI Clause 2 Trial - Article I Section 3 Clause 6-7; Article III Section 2 Clause 3; Amendment VI; Amendment VII to top of Subject Index V Veto, President's power - Article I Section 7 Clause 2 Vice-President conditions for assuming Presidency - Article II Section 1 Clause 6; Amendment XX Section 3; Amendment XXV declaring President disabled, role in - Amendment XX Section 4; Amendment XXV succession to - Amendment XX Section 4; Amendment XXV Senate, role in - Article I Section 3 Clause 4; Amendment XII term of office - Article II Section 1 Clause 1 Voting rights - Amendment XIV; Amendment XXIV blacks, former slaves - Amendment XV eighteen-years-old - Amendment XXVI Section 1 women - Amendment XIX Section 1 to top of Subject Index W War powers (see Congress, declaring war, powers; President, powers & duties; States, protection against invasion) Warrants - Amendment IV Weights and measures, standards of - Article I Section 8 Clause 5 Women - (see Persons) to top of Subject Index Sample code to link from your own web site or email skip to Ratifications up to Subject Index Find in the index your reference and copy the link location. Construct your own link such as: Article 1 Section 2 - The House change to your own text the part >Article 1 Section 2 - The House to >your text if you wish some other description of the link The title attribute is optional, it is what causes a brief display of what's in the quotes when the cursor is over the link. Remember white space is important in HTML. In this example a line feed is used but it could be a space(s) or tab(s). There must be no white space after the attributes href or title or after the equal sign. What follows the equal sign should be in quotes (double or single, just so they match). If you are using a composer just fill in the appropriate bits, such as the part between the quotes (after href=) into the href portion of adding a link. Add the attribute target="_blank" to make it open in a new window. Text only email will vary you may just use http://constitutionus.com/#a1s2 to send the link, and the text will read the same as the link. Other may require you to add < and > around the link. Send some to yourself to see what your mail client does. Ratifications skip to Copyright up to Sample code The Constitution The Constitution was adopted by a convention of the States on September 17, 1787, and was subsequently ratified by the several States, on the following dates: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788. Ratification was completed on June 21, 1788. The Constitution was subsequently ratified by Virginia, June 25, 1788; New York, July 26, 1788; North Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790; and Vermont, January 10, 1791. In May 1785, a committee of Congress made a report recommending an alteration in the Articles of Confederation, but no action was taken on it, and it was left to the State Legislatures to proceed in the matter. In January 1786, the Legislature of Virginia passed a resolution providing for the appointment of five commissioners, who, or any three of them, should meet such commissioners as might be appointed in the other States of the Union, at a time and place to be agreed upon, to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interest and their permanent harmony; and to report to the several States such an act, relative to this great object, as, when ratified by them, will enable the United States in Congress effectually to provide for the same. The Virginia commissioners, after some correspondence, fixed the first Monday in September as the time, and the city of Annapolis as the place for the meeting, but only four other States were represented, viz: Delaware, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania; the commissioners appointed by Massachusetts, New Hampshire, North Carolina, and Rhode Island failed to attend. Under the circumstances of so partial a representation, the commissioners present agreed upon a report, (drawn by Mr. Hamilton, of New York,) expressing their unanimous conviction that it might essentially tend to advance the interests of the Union if the States by which they were respectively delegated would concur, and use their endeavors to procure the concurrence of the other States, in the appointment of commissioners to meet at Philadelphia on the Second Monday of May following, to take into consideration the situation of the United States; to devise such further provisions as should appear to them necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigencies of the Union; and to report such an act for that purpose to the United States in Congress assembled as, when agreed to by them and afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State, would effectually provide for the same. Congress, on the 21st of February, 1787, adopted a resolution in favor of a convention, and the Legislatures of those States which had not already done so (with the exception of Rhode Island) promptly appointed delegates. On the 25th of May, seven States having convened, George Washington, of Virginia, was unanimously elected President, and the consideration of the proposed constitution was commenced. On the 17th of September, 1787, the Constitution as engrossed and agreed upon was signed by all the members present, except Mr. Gerry of Massachusetts, and Messrs. Mason and Randolph, of Virginia. The president of the convention transmitted it to Congress, with a resolution stating how the proposed Federal Government should be put in operation, and an explanatory letter. Congress, on the 28th of September, 1787, directed the Constitution so framed, with the resolutions and letter concerning the same, to “be transmitted to the several Legislatures in order to be submitted to a convention of delegates chosen in each State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention.” On the 4th of March, 1789, the day which had been fixed for commencing the operations of Government under the new Constitution, it had been ratified by the conventions chosen in each State to consider it, as follows: Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787; New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecticut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland, April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June 21, 1788; Virginia, June 25, 1788; and New York, July 26, 1788. The President informed Congress, on the 28th of January, 1790, that North Carolina had ratified the Constitution November 21, 1789; and he informed Congress on the 1st of June, 1790, that Rhode Island had ratified the Constitution May 29, 1790. Vermont, in convention, ratified the Constitution January 10, 1791, and was, by an act of Congress approved February 18, 1791, “received and admitted into this Union as a new and entire member of the United States”. Constitution [Article I] through [Article X] (The Bill of Rights) The first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States (and two others, one of which failed of ratification and the other which later became the 27th amendment) were proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the First Congress on September 25, 1789. The first ten amendments were ratified by the following States, and the notifications of ratification by the Governors thereof were successively communicated by the President to Congress: New Jersey, November 20, 1789; Maryland, December 19, 1789; North Carolina, December 22, 1789; South Carolina, January 19, 1790; New Hampshire, January 25, 1790; Delaware, January 28, 1790; New York, February 24, 1790; Pennsylvania, March 10, 1790; Rhode Island, June 7, 1790; Vermont, November 3, 1791; and Virginia, December 15, 1791. Ratification was completed on December 15, 1791. The amendments were subsequently ratified by the legislatures of Massachusetts, March 2, 1939; Georgia, March 18, 1939; and Connecticut, April 19, 1939. Bill of Rights [Article XI] The eleventh amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Third Congress, on the 4th of March 1794; and was declared in a message from the President to Congress, dated the 8th of January, 1798, to have been ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the States. The dates of ratification were: NewYork, March 27, 1794; Rhode Island, March 31, 1794; Connecticut, May 8, 1794; New Hampshire, June 16, 1794; Massachusetts, June 26, 1794; Vermont, between October 9, 1794 and November 9, 1794; Virginia, November 18, 1794; Georgia, November 29, 1794; Kentucky, December 7, 1794; Maryland, December 26, 1794; Delaware, January 23, 1795; North Carolina, February 7, 1795. Ratification was completed on February 7, 1795. The amendment was subsequently ratified by South Carolina on December 4, 1797. New Jersey and Pennsylvania did not take action on the amendment. amendment 11 [Article XII] The twelfth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Eighth Congress, on the 9th of December, 1803, in lieu of the original third paragraph of the first section of the second article; and was declared in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of September, 1804, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 13 of the 17 States. The dates of ratification were: North Carolina, December 21, 1803; Maryland, December 24, 1803; Kentucky, December 27, 1803; Ohio, December 30, 1803; Pennsylvania, January 5, 1804; Vermont, January 30, 1804; Virginia, February 3, 1804; New York, February 10, 1804; New Jersey, February 22, 1804; Rhode Island, March 12, 1804; South Carolina, May 15, 1804; Georgia, May 19, 1804; New Hampshire, June 15, 1804. Ratification was completed on June 15, 1804. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Tennessee, July 27, 1804. The amendment was rejected by Delaware, January 18, 1804; Massachusetts, February 3, 1804; Connecticut, at its session begun May 10, 1804. amendment 12 Article XIII The thirteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-eighth Congress, on the 31st day of January, 1865, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 18th of December, 1865, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-seven of the thirty-six States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois, February 1, 1865; Rhode Island, February 2, 1865; Michigan, February 2, 1865; Maryland, February 3, 1865; New York, February 3, 1865; Pennsylvania, February 3, 1865; West Virginia, February 3, 1865; Missouri, February 6, 1865; Maine, February 7, 1865; Kansas, February 7, 1865; Massachusetts, February 7, 1865; Virginia, February 9, 1865; Ohio, February 10, 1865; Indiana, February 13, 1865; Nevada, February 16, 1865; Louisiana, February 17, 1865; Minnesota, February 23, 1865; Wisconsin, February 24, 1865; Vermont, March 9, 1865; Tennessee, April 7, 1865; Arkansas, April 14, 1865; Connecticut, May 4, 1865; New Hampshire, July 1, 1865; South Carolina, November 13, 1865; Alabama, December 2, 1865; North Carolina, December 4, 1865; Georgia, December 6, 1865. Ratification was completed on December 6, 1865. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Oregon, December 8, 1865; California, December 19, 1865; Florida, December 28, 1865 (Florida again ratified on June 9, 1868, upon its adoption of a new constitution); Iowa, January 15, 1866; New Jersey, January 23, 1866 (after having rejected the amendment on March 16, 1865); Texas, February 18, 1870; Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected the amendment on February 8, 1865); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on February 24, 1865). The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Mississippi, December 4, 1865. amendment 13 Article XIV The fourteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Thirty-ninth Congress, on the 13th of June, 1866. It was declared, in a certificate of the Secretary of State dated July 28, 1868 to have been ratified by the legislatures of 28 of the 37 States. The dates of ratification were: Connecticut, June 25, 1866; New Hampshire, July 6, 1866; Tennessee, July 19, 1866; New Jersey, September 11, 1866 (subsequently the legislature rescinded its ratification, and on March 24, 1868, readopted its resolution of rescission over the Governor's veto, and on Nov. 12, 1980, expressed support for the amendment); Oregon, September 19, 1866 (and rescinded its ratification on October 15, 1868); Vermont, October 30, 1866; Ohio, January 4, 1867 (and rescinded its ratification on January 15, 1868); New York, January 10, 1867; Kansas, January 11, 1867; Illinois, January 15, 1867; West Virginia, January 16, 1867; Michigan, January 16, 1867; Minnesota, January 16, 1867; Maine, January 19, 1867; Nevada, January 22, 1867; Indiana, January 23, 1867; Missouri, January 25, 1867; Rhode Island, February 7, 1867; Wisconsin, February 7, 1867; Pennsylvania, February 12, 1867; Massachusetts, March 20, 1867; Nebraska, June 15, 1867; Iowa, March 16, 1868; Arkansas, April 6, 1868; Florida, June 9, 1868; North Carolina, July 4, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 14, 1866); Louisiana, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on February 6, 1867); South Carolina, July 9, 1868 (after having rejected it on December 20, 1866). Ratification was completed on July 9, 1868. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Alabama, July 13, 1868; Georgia, July 21, 1868 (after having rejected it on November 9, 1866); Virginia, October 8, 1869 (after having rejected it on January 9, 1867); Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Texas, February 18, 1870 (after having rejected it on October 27, 1866); Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected it on February 8, 1867); Maryland, April 4, 1959 (after having rejected it on March 23, 1867); California, May 6, 1959; Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on January 8, 1867). amendment 14 Article XV The fifteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Fortieth Congress, on the 26th of February, 1869, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated March 30, 1870, to have been ratified by the legislatures of twenty-nine of the thirty-seven States. The dates of ratification were: Nevada, March 1, 1869; West Virginia, March 3, 1869; Illinois, March 5, 1869; Louisiana, March 5, 1869; North Carolina, March 5, 1869; Michigan, March 8, 1869; Wisconsin, March 9, 1869; Maine, March 11, 1869; Massachusetts, March 12, 1869; Arkansas, March 15, 1869; South Carolina, March 15, 1869; Pennsylvania, March 25, 1869; New York, April 14, 1869 (and the legislature of the same State passed a resolution January 5, 1870, to withdraw its consent to it, which action it rescinded on March 30, 1970); Indiana, May 14, 1869; Connecticut, May 19, 1869; Florida, June 14, 1869; New Hampshire, July 1, 1869; Virginia, October 8, 1869; Vermont, October 20, 1869; Missouri, January 7, 1870; Minnesota, January 13, 1870; Mississippi, January 17, 1870; Rhode Island, January 18, 1870; Kansas, January 19, 1870; Ohio, January 27, 1870 (after having rejected it on April 30, 1869); Georgia, February 2, 1870; Iowa, February 3, 1870. Ratification was completed on February 3, 1870, unless the withdrawal of ratification by New York was effective; in which event ratification was completed on February 17, 1870, when Nebraska ratified. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Texas, February 18, 1870; New Jersey, February 15, 1871 (after having rejected it on February 7, 1870); Delaware, February 12, 1901 (after having rejected it on March 18, 1869); Oregon, February 24, 1959; California, April 3, 1962 (after having rejected it on January 28, 1870); Kentucky, March 18, 1976 (after having rejected it on March 12, 1869). The amendment was approved by the Governor of Maryland, May 7, 1973; Maryland having previously rejected it on February 26, 1870. The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Tennessee, November 16, 1869. amendment 15 Article XVI The sixteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-first Congress on the 12th of July, 1909, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 25th of February, 1913, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Alabama, August 10, 1909; Kentucky, February 8, 1910; South Carolina, February 19, 1910; Illinois, March 1, 1910; Mississippi, March 7, 1910; Oklahoma, March 10, 1910; Maryland, April 8, 1910; Georgia, August 3, 1910; Texas, August 16, 1910; Ohio, January 19, 1911; Idaho, January 20, 1911; Oregon, January 23, 1911; Washington, January 26, 1911; Montana, January 30, 1911; Indiana, January 30, 1911; California, January 31, 1911; Nevada, January 31, 1911; South Dakota, February 3, 1911; Nebraska, February 9, 1911; North Carolina, February 11, 1911; Colorado, February 15, 1911; North Dakota, February 17, 1911; Kansas, February 18, 1911; Michigan, February 23, 1911; Iowa, February 24, 1911; Missouri, March 16, 1911; Maine, March 31, 1911; Tennessee, April 7, 1911; Arkansas, April 22, 1911 (after having rejected it earlier); Wisconsin, May 26, 1911; New York, July 12, 1911; Arizona, April 6, 1912; Minnesota, June 11, 1912; Louisiana, June 28, 1912; West Virginia, January 31, 1913; New Mexico, February 3, 1913. Ratification was completed on February 3, 1913. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts, March 4, 1913; New Hampshire, March 7, 1913 (after having rejected it on March 2, 1911). The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Utah. amendment 16 [Article XVII] The seventeenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-second Congress on the 13th of May, 1912, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 31st of May, 1913, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Massachusetts, May 22, 1912; Arizona, June 3, 1912; Minnesota, June 10, 1912; New York, January 15, 1913; Kansas, January 17, 1913; Oregon, January 23, 1913; North Carolina, January 25, 1913; California, January 28, 1913; Michigan, January 28, 1913; Iowa, January 30, 1913; Montana, January 30, 1913; Idaho, January 31, 1913; West Virginia, February 4, 1913; Colorado, February 5, 1913; Nevada, February 6, 1913; Texas, February 7, 1913; Washington, February 7, 1913; Wyoming, February 8, 1913; Arkansas, February 11, 1913; Maine, February 11, 1913; Illinois, February 13, 1913; North Dakota, February 14, 1913; Wisconsin, February 18, 1913; Indiana, February 19, 1913; New Hampshire, February 19, 1913; Vermont, February 19, 1913; South Dakota, February 19, 1913; Oklahoma, February 24, 1913; Ohio, February 25, 1913; Missouri, March 7, 1913; New Mexico, March 13, 1913; Nebraska, March 14, 1913; New Jersey, March 17, 1913; Tennessee, April 1, 1913; Pennsylvania, April 2, 1913; Connecticut, April 8, 1913. Ratification was completed on April 8, 1913. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Louisiana, June 11, 1914. The amendment was rejected by Utah (and not subsequently ratified) on February 26, 1913. amendment 17 Article [XVIII]16 The eighteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-fifth Congress, on the 18th of December, 1917, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 29th of January, 1919, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Mississippi, January 8, 1918; Virginia, January 11, 1918; Kentucky, January 14, 1918; North Dakota, January 25, 1918; South Carolina, January 29, 1918; Maryland, February 13, 1918; Montana, February 19, 1918; Texas, March 4, 1918; Delaware, March 18, 1918; South Dakota, March 20, 1918; Massachusetts, April 2, 1918; Arizona, May 24, 1918; Georgia, June 26, 1918; Louisiana, August 3, 1918; Florida, December 3, 1918; Michigan, January 2, 1919; Ohio, January 7, 1919; Oklahoma, January 7, 1919; Idaho, January 8, 1919; Maine, January 8, 1919; West Virginia, January 9, 1919; California, January 13, 1919; Tennessee, January 13, 1919; Washington, January 13, 1919; Arkansas, January 14, 1919; Kansas, January 14, 1919; Alabama, January 15, 1919; Colorado, January 15, 1919; Iowa, January 15, 1919; New Hampshire, January 15, 1919; Oregon, January 15, 1919; Nebraska, January 16, 1919; North Carolina, January 16, 1919; Utah, January 16, 1919; Missouri, January 16, 1919; Wyoming, January 16, 1919. Ratification was completed on January 16, 1919. See Dillon v. Gloss, 256 U.S. 368, 376 (1921). The amendment was subsequently ratified by Minnesota on January 17, 1919; Wisconsin, January 17, 1919; New Mexico, January 20, 1919; Nevada, January 21, 1919; New York, January 29, 1919; Vermont, January 29, 1919; Pennsylvania, February 25, 1919; Connecticut, May 6, 1919; and New Jersey, March 9, 1922. The amendment was rejected (and not subsequently ratified) by Rhode Island. amendment 18 Women's Suffrage Rights Article [XIX] The nineteenth amendment to the Constitution of the United States was proposed to the legislatures of the several States by the Sixty-sixth Congress, on the 4th of June, 1919, and was declared, in a proclamation of the Secretary of State, dated the 26th of August, 1920, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Illinois, June 10, 1919 (and that State readopted its resolution of ratification June 17, 1919); Michigan, June 10, 1919; Wisconsin, June 10, 1919; Kansas, June 16, 1919; New York, June 16, 1919; Ohio, June 16, 1919; Pennsylvania, June 24, 1919; Massachusetts, June 25, 1919; Texas, June 28, 1919; Iowa, July 2, 1919; Missouri, July 3, 1919; Arkansas, July 28, 1919; Montana, August 2, 1919; Nebraska, August 2, 1919; Minnesota, September 8, 1919; New Hampshire, September 10, 1919; Utah, October 2, 1919; California, November 1, 1919; Maine, November 5, 1919; North Dakota, December 1, 1919; South Dakota, December 4, 1919; Colorado, December 15, 1919; Kentucky, January 6, 1920; Rhode Island, January 6, 1920; Oregon, January 13, 1920; Indiana, January 16, 1920; Wyoming, January 27, 1920; Nevada, February 7, 1920; New Jersey, February 9, 1920; Idaho, February 11, 1920; Arizona, February 12, 1920; New Mexico, February 21, 1920; Oklahoma, February 28, 1920; West Virginia, March 10, 1920; Washington, March 22, 1920; Tennessee, August 18, 1920. Ratification was completed on August 18, 1920. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Connecticut on September 14, 1920 (and that State reaffirmed on September 21, 1920); Vermont, February 8, 1921; Delaware, March 6, 1923 (after having rejected it on June 2, 1920); Maryland, March 29, 1941 (after having rejected it on February 24, 1920, ratification certified on February 25, 1958); Virginia, February 21, 1952 (after having rejected it on February 12, 1920); Alabama, September 8, 1953 (after having rejected it on September 22, 1919); Florida, May 13, 1969; South Carolina, July 1, 1969 (after having rejected it on January 28, 1920, ratification certified on August 22, 1973); Georgia, February 20, 1970 (after having rejected it on July 24, 1919); Louisiana, June 11, 1970 (after having rejected it on July 1, 1920); North Carolina, May 6, 1971; Mississippi, March 22, 1984 (after having rejected it on March 29, 1920). amendment 19 Article [XX] The twentieth amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the legislatures of the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 2d day of March, 1932, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 6th day of February, 1933, to have been ratified by the legislatures of 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Virginia, March 4, 1932; New York, March 11, 1932; Mississippi, March 16, 1932; Arkansas, March 17, 1932; Kentucky, March 17, 1932; New Jersey, March 21, 1932; South Carolina, March 25, 1932; Michigan, March 31, 1932; Maine, April 1, 1932; Rhode Island, April 14, 1932; Illinois, April 21, 1932; Louisiana, June 22, 1932; West Virginia, July 30, 1932; Pennsylvania, August 11, 1932; Indiana, August 15, 1932; Texas, September 7, 1932; Alabama, September 13, 1932; California, January 4, 1933; North Carolina, January 5, 1933; North Dakota, January 9, 1933; Minnesota, January 12, 1933; Arizona, January 13, 1933; Montana, January 13, 1933; Nebraska, January 13, 1933; Oklahoma, January 13, 1933; Kansas, January 16, 1933; Oregon, January 16, 1933; Delaware, January 19, 1933; Washington, January 19, 1933; Wyoming, January 19, 1933; Iowa, January 20, 1933; South Dakota, January 20, 1933; Tennessee, January 20, 1933; Idaho, January 21, 1933; New Mexico, January 21, 1933; Georgia, January 23, 1933; Missouri, January 23, 1933; Ohio, January 23, 1933; Utah, January 23, 1933. Ratification was completed on January 23, 1933. The amendment was subsequently ratified by Massachusetts on January 24, 1933; Wisconsin, January 24, 1933; Colorado, January 24, 1933; Nevada, January 26, 1933; Connecticut, January 27, 1933; New Hampshire, January 31, 1933; Vermont, February 2, 1933; Maryland, March 24, 1933; Florida, April 26, 1933. amendment 20 Article [XXI] The twenty-first amendment to the Constitution was proposed to the several states by the Seventy-Second Congress, on the 20th day of February, 1933, and was declared, in a proclamation by the Secretary of State, dated on the 5th day of December, 1933, to have been ratified by 36 of the 48 States. The dates of ratification were: Michigan, April 10, 1933; Wisconsin, April 25, 1933; Rhode Island, May 8, 1933; Wyoming, May 25, 1933; New Jersey, June 1, 1933; Delaware, June 24, 1933; Indiana, June 26, 1933; Massachusetts, June 26, 1933; New York, June 27, 1933; Illinois, July 10, 1933; Iowa, July amendment 21 Amendment XXII Passed by Congress March 21, 1947. Ratified February 27, 1951. amendment 22 Amendment XXIII Passed by Congress June 16, 1960. Ratified March 29, 1961. amendment 23 Amendment XXIV Passed by Congress August 27, 1962. Ratified January 23, 1964. amendment 24 Amendment XXV Passed by Congress July 6, 1965. Ratified February 10, 1967. amendment 25 Amendment XXVI Passed by Congress March 23, 1971. Ratified July 1, 1971. amendment 26 Amendment XXVII Originally proposed Sept. 25, 1789. Ratified May 7, 1992. The date of September 25, 1789, is correct. The amendment was initially ratified by 6 states (MD, NC, SC, DE, VT, VA), and the other 8 states excluded, omitted, rejected, or excepted it. The amendment was ratified by various states over time, and in 1992 was fully ratified as an amendment to the Constitution. For more information see: United States. The Constitution of the United States of America : with a summary of the actions by the states in ratification thereof ; to which is appended, for its historical interest, the Constitution of the Confederate States of America / prepared and distributed by the Virginia on Constitutional Government. Richmond : Virginia Commission on Constitutional Government, 1961. 94 p. amendment 27 Copyright and Contact skip to Outside navigation up to Ratifications this HTML version © MMIII - MMXIV by George W. 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"The Grateful Dead picked up their instruments and hit the first note with perfection. They never missed a note for the next three and one-half hours. People followed the flow of the tunes. Down on the floor in front of the stage was a sea of heads keeping time with the music. No one sat still. No one, except the youngsters behind us sat still. They were still and stunned." - The Power County Press

And what a stunner it was, that show at the Boise State University Pavilion in Boise, ID on September 2, 1983. Dave's Picks Volume 27 contains every stitch of music from this mid-80s show (our first in this series), one that's as good as any other in Grateful Dead history. When the Dead were on, they were ON! Straight out the gate with a definitive take on the old standard "Wang Dang Doodle," the band swiftly switches back to a setlist of yore, firing off 70s staples like "Jack Straw" and "Brown-Eyed Women" and wrapping things up with a terrific trio of "Big Railroad Blues"/"Looks Like Rain"/"Deal" (don't you let that epic guitar solo go down without you). Primed for the second set, they tackle the complexities of "Help>Slipknot!>Franklin's" with heart and ease. It's clear there will be no stopping their flow - Bobby and Brent hanging in for a fantastic pre-Drums "Jam" and Jerry and Bobby in the zone on a not-to-be-missed melodic "Space." Not a skipper in the whole lot!

Dave's Picks Volume 27 has been mastered to HDCD specs by Jeffrey Norman and it is limited to 18,000 individually-numbered copies*.

*Limited to 2 per order. Very limited quantity available.

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I wonder how many hardcore 80s Dead fans missed out on this, and would love to have one? I've played my copy once and found no skips or defects. I'd be happy to trade it for an original mint copy of Dave's Picks Vol. 10, 11, 12 or 13. Please PM me if interested.
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Main system is Onkyo digital receiver, Polk towers up front w/ bookshelves on the side, 4.0. With any hefty volume, sounds like Bobby is singing in my living room while the rest of the band is playing out on the front porch. Second set is smoothed out a bit more though. For head phones, my cans are Sony MDR7506 (plug in analog). Sound is great. Nicely leveled, crisp, just what any discerning deadhead would want in a listen. Regarding my opinion of the show, it is a fun filled, choppy frolic that’s also of the GD ethos. Albeit more Bozo than Dilbert. Captures a time period when it was about barefootin’ it with a pair of Vaurnets and playing Frisbee in the park (rather than getting carpal tunnel from a smartphone). Back when it was okay to laugh and chuckle without much reason to do so. Sounds like there was as much of a party up on stage as out in the crowd. Playing is naturally loose, Bill and Mickey being the exception though. From a first listen last night, they sounded really tight and clean, kept it synchronized.
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Frequent reader, infrequent poster. There is always a bit of conflict on here regarding various aspects of these releases but there are a few things that I'm not sure got mentioned or that I haven't seen mentioned. I cannot say I've read every single post in this ever-growing thread but I'm just attempting to get a few things thrown out there. FACTS: 1) The Grateful Dead never intended to record all of these shows for later official release. They were merely for their own listening purposes after the shows. Obviously there are exceptions to this and we all know what shows/era those are. 2) in this era, the band no longer had a member of the crew designated as a "recording engineer" tasked with making a live mix at the show solely for the recording. They simply ran a cassette (lower quality than the reels from earlier eras) right out of the PA that was being mixed for good sound in the hall/theater/arena. That does not necessarily translate to good sound for a live recording and there's certainly limitations to what Jeffrey has to work with. Apples and oranges. 3) Those of us that are "all eras" fans are fortunate to even have some of these recordings to reflect on and we are ALL fortunate that we have the even better recordings of the eras that many of us consider the best. 4) Jerry was not in the best of shape in 1983. Sad, but true. 5) Cocaine increases tempos. 6) Dave's subscriptions are "blind" buys. You don't know what all four shows will be when you decide to pre-pay. This involves a risk. Assuming each of the four shows should be completely satisfying to YOU and be YOUR preferred releases is both unrealistic and borderline narcissistic if you really believe that. 7) If you don't like the show, the 80's, the artwork or anything else about a selection you can sell it, give it away or shelf it if you insist on collecting the series. 8) The next pick will NOT be a mid-80's show (I feel comfortable keeping this in the fact column). 9) Three out of twenty-seven picks (and over six years) being 1980's releases are not quite panic-worthy statistics for worried subscribers. OPINIONS: 1) This show is fun! Not perfect. Not a TOP 5 or 10. It's fun and energetic and represents an era rarely represented in our favorite band's history. Early to Mid-80's fans, enjoy! 2) It doesn't sound as bad as many would have you believe. It's inconsistent in places. It's cringe-worthy in others. Trying to compare this to the 5/8/77 release or to some other 70's Betty Board is simply not fair (see FACT #2). You somewhat know what you're going to get with a cassette master 80's release sound-wise. At that point, you start to consider the playing, the energy, the setlist and again, thinking about how fortunate we are to even have this catalogued history to look back on all these years later. 3) I love Brent. The amount of heart and soul that came through that man's voice and playing of the keys is simply amazing to me and I will never understand the Brent hate (this is the opinion list, I can say that) but I respect your right to disagree. 4) I don't love all of these releases but if you just realize that not all full-show releases are all good all the time, you learn to look for interesting pieces you do like and can listen to again. Now, we look forward to #28!
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I like it. I'm easy, I like all years, and agree with the thought expressed recently that that's what makes them so listenable, they change over the years. I liked LLRain, Deal, the Eyes Jam, Black Peter and that sweet Baby blue. I did not appreciate how fast they were playing so many of the songs. Whew! I got tired just listening to that pace. The other thing I found issue with was it seemed like the whole level of sound would change from time to time, even in the second set, so I could not just leave my amp at a certain level, I had to get up and adjust it from time to time. I'd also say, having attended many shows over the years, the Dead were a gamble every time you went to see them. Frequently it would take them a while to warm up, they would be a little rough. That was part of their charm, they were not a "show". Why did I keep going? Because they could slowly build to some real magic moments, that would stun me. I found myself seeking and collecting those magic moments. One other thing: I like the brief patches, because they briefly give me a feeling of what the sound was like in the room which can be very educational. I'd rather have a patch than a cut. I've listened to most of the release twice, and before I put it on the shelf for a while, I'm going to listen to that LLR, Eyes Jam,and Baby Blue again. I like the idea of a 79 release, too.
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I like Phish, but I love the Dead. I just saw Phish again at the Bill Graham Civic. Great show. Also really loved the Sweetheart of the Rodeo Byrds half reunion at the Mountain Winery last Sunday. Recent spins: Bonnie Raitt Nick of Time Fleetwood Mac Rumours Kinks Muswell Hillbillies Traffic John Barleycorn, Low Spark, Shoot out at Fantasy Factory The Animals Animal Tracks Buena Vista Social Club And, of course lots of Dead
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IMHO, I think 27 sounds better than a old cassette, Good for an 83 house mix, and of course ridiculously incomparable to a recorded for release multi-track......I’m listening via - YFS Ref 3 server - Wyred for Sound DAC II - C 40 pre-amp - 2 MC 601 mono blocks - XR 200 speakers - Furman Power NEXT DAVES..... 28- 1970? ——————————- 29- 1976 ( mellow groove for winter. Early or fall?) 30- 1/10/79 with 1/20/79 as rest/bonus etc 79 is due! 31- 1971 April or fall? 32- fall 89 31/32 wild cards; 73 or 74....
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Holy S#$&& sorry to bogart here, but as some have posted lately about some picks great for when no time/notion for full show. So with that in mind I fired up 12/473, just right for before Saturday pizza/movie, and holy shnikies Batman, haven’t heard this in a while. Cheese and rice that eyes and space jam out is, well, you know ; )Aaaaaa, yeaaah, that’s why late 73 is probably my fav, if I had one! Buenos Nachos Roqueros!
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This: “Assuming each of the four shows should be completely satisfying to YOU and be YOUR preferred releases is both unrealistic and borderline narcissistic if you really believe that.” I’m with you on your opinions, there, too. Fellow all eras fan, here.
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Fuca#$**$ 11/20/73, another lil bite sized morsel of love before (more) beer, then pizza! Last beers; In no order....Surely Coffee Bender, Stone Arrogant Bastard, Anchor Brewers Pale Ale, North Coast Old Rasputin, Surly Furios IPA, Anchor Liberty, Crazy Mnt. Snow Cat Coffee Stout, EKU 28, Bonfire Brewing WtFO, and finally on a hot day outta the ice chest, Sierra Nevada Tropical Torpedo.......as Homer would say.....”ummmmmmmmmm, beeeeeerrrrrr!” One mo sataday night my brothers and sisters, peace! ANYONE know who first said “beer and pizza is God’s way of telling us she loves us”?
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These are all 2 track recordings, only DaP 8 is anything else, with a 2 track SBD cassette master supplemented by an Audience recording matrixed together. A 2 track PA mix on cassette is just as much a 2 track recording as Betty's Boards and Healy's 2 track cassette, VHS or Betamax, or DAT recordings. Nobody is comparing DaP 27 to a multitrack recording, so I'm not sure why it keeps popping up as a talking point that "of course this doesn't sound as good as a multitrack." Can we just burn that strawman?
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Keep the Faith. 3 of my favourite 'GD' shows were P&F 4/15-17/99; the ultimate meld of Hunter, Dead, and the mighty Ph; they stand with giants. Incidentally, I look forward to meeting some of you soon on the road from Hampton to Nashville to Rosemont to Vegas. I've already conducted a trial pack-in of the Outlook 2+ months in advance. Good-to-go. Woot!/K Edit: box set of the year, decade, century, in 6 days: Szell Complete Columbia+
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Sorry, not trying to beat a dead horse. Technically, your right, all the Dave’s/Dicks as you say are two track....(hell even the 89/90s stuff ends up as two track, Right/Left)......this goes back to like a week ago when people were comparing 80s House PA mixes to recordings that were made from a separate multi-channel feed that was then mixed down by a dedicated crew member to two track, with the intent for a balanced sounding mix to listen to later. I posted about point of reference and this intent then to be helpful since it seemed like some folks don’t understand how drastically different the mixes used are because of the intent of the MIX being utilized; multiple channels being mixed down by a dedicated crew member, versus Healy just poping in a cassette to use to critique PA mixes as they apply to different venues etc. The intent of these mixes is very different, so different that to compare the two is apples to oranges. Point of reference is another way to consider this. In audio, A point of reference is often used to compare. So when icecrmcnkd asked folks who really disliked versus those who really liked the sound of 27, what they were listening on, which could very well influence a persons opinion, I was just trying to reiterate this point, which I believe you also made a day or so ago. For example, If your point of reference for a good sounding show is a 70s separate multi-channel feed mixed down to two track by a dedicated mixer, then it’s easy to see how a House PA mix, mixed with a completely different intent, on totally different recording equipment, will sound inferior. Since you yourself as of 8/2/18 was debating with Dilbert I believe, about the rating of DaP 27 to 5/8/77, (i.e., “X” out of 10) to me that’s comparing apples to oranges. I believe somewhere you yourself also said something to this effect? So when I was trying to answer brother icecrmcnkd, I was only trying to state my humble opinion by comparing this recording to the different points of reference. But I was technically off by saying multi-track as you correctly pointed out. What I should of said was - Better than an old school show cassette. - good for an 83 PA house mix - but not comparable to a recording made with a separate multi-channel feed, mixed down to two track, for a completely different purpose or intent. The reason I’m rehashing all this is, like you, to try and enlighten those who don’t perhaps understand how completely different these sources are, so they can use the proper point of reference when critiquing recordings. Not apples to oranges! One can certainly have a overly positive or negative opinion about the sound of this release. I’m just suggesting that folks use the proper point of reference when doing so. Sorry, I know you get it, and I get it, but after weeks of this it still seems like some folks are continuing to do this....... Again, I’m only trying to help, not be difficult. “Pleeeeeeaaaaase don’t murder me...no, no no!....) Edit: perhaps this is better? MULTI-track has multiple channels, say one for each instrument and vocal. Every track is recorded live separately on to multi-track tape, these are called basic tracks. Since each instrument has its own track, its level can be raised/lowered, processed, or even redone or overdubbed if need be (like they did on E72 for example.) This done later, at a different studio, often by a different engineer, where all these tracks are mixed/balanced so that everything is “just exactly perfect” down to a two track stereo mix. Then it’s sent off for mastering for commercial release. BETTY Boards etc were usually multiple channels mixed via a separate/different feed than the front of house PA mix, by a dedicated crew member, say Betty, live on the fly, down to two track for the purpose of best possible later listening. So if say Phil is too loud in the mix, she can attenuate his level so that it is balanced well with the rest.... STEREO PA HOUSE MIX; this is usually just a direct output of the House PA mix, your old school “sound board” cassettes. Though there usually are different aux mixes on boards, so that the different levels can be somewhat balanced for the tape mix. Often though the Mixer is too busy working on making the sound good for the venue, the live mix if you will, not the recording. This is often affected via sub mixes or a combination of say all vocals controlled by one master volume of the combined vocals. This is used to easily boast the vocals (or the say the drums) relative to the instruments on the fly live. So depending on the characteristics of the hall, who’s playing loud or not, the mixer can use these tools to quickly mix/balance the sound to sound good in the hall. Unfortunately, as many of you notice, this can negatively effect the tape out mix. Sometimes Healy would/could mess with this more than other times. Even then though, he was probably briefly using headphones to monitor this tape mix, which adds another kind of variable that may color this stereo tape out to cassette mix. Also, the musicians effect the levels of the mix when they adjust their own volumes up and down, like say JG turning up for a solo. Since there is no way to go back and balance all these different channels once their down to two channel, you often have parts of recordings that don’t sound balanced. That’s is why some of you notice that sometimes Weir for instance is loud, and sometimes too quiet. The main thing to understand is the purpose of the PA mix is not intended for a later commercial release, or to sound like a studio recording. But Dan was perhaps one of the greatest, if not the greatest sound reinforcement tech ever, so even with these variables, there are many great sounding SB mixes/tapes as many of you know. But I think we all can agree that they can’t realky be compared to a full on multi-track commercial releaseiI.e., 90s Box, Live Dead, Europe 72, Skull Fuck etc. imho it’s the same with trying to compare a maticulous Betty type recording with a SB cassette. That does not mean that a PA stereo cassette can’t be good, just completely different, different point of reference.... Another variable that pertains to 83, is that they started to use (full time) the mighty new Ultra Sound PA utilizing John Meyers technology. In my opinion this was the best sounding system ever (no I did not have the pleasure of hearing the WOS live) but most of the people involved state that the ultra sound blew the wall away mostly due to technological advancements not possible in 1974. So in 83 they were trying to dial in not only the new PA, but the band had a lot of new gear, Phil’s Modulas Quantum bass and they had rearranged their positioning on stage. This all effects the overall sound, that in turn effects the recordings..... BASIC STEREO; live two track (Right/Left), like when folks used mics to record live to a cassette deck. Sometimes these units would have separate volume control for each channel, or perhaps a balance control, often not. Basically you’d have no control except to try and get the levels correct, and there were so many idiosyncratic variables to contend with it’s a kind of amazing we have as many great recordings as we do. Hopefully you can better understand how completely different these mixes are, and how they drastically effect the subsequent recordings. Thus, the apples to oranges analogy. Sorry, hopefully not too boring, we audio geeks forget not everyone is into this stuff like we are ; - )
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....me? I just put it in my CD player and hit play. Nice to see you Kate. Are you heading to Vegas for the Halloween Phish shows?
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I thought that Dick's Picks 15 (September 3, 1977, Englishtown NJ) was mixed down from the multi-tracks because the one or more of the 2-track reels were damaged or a reel or more was missing, or some other explanation.
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This show sounds like the band was having a grand old fun time this night. They were ON! This recording sounds like the almost perfect original master cassette. OK it has it's minor imperfect mix, in my own humble opinion. Thank you Dave & company for selecting this show. I LOVE IT! Dave's Picks 28: I really can't guess on the exact show, but my wish/hope would be for restored 9/20/70 Fillmore East, NYC, both the acoustic and electric GD sets.
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I have heard the Shaggs'...compositions before. Truly awful stuff. Ben Franklin is the "beer" stater, according to what I have heard on that. Alcohol and I do not get along, so it doesn't make _me_ happy, but obviously it is a popular beverage.
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The complaining and nitpicking is crazy. Social media has invaded the Grateful Dead. But that is what social media has made itself or people have made social media into. Complaining and animal videos. No complaints here , the boys were on this night, just good old rock and rolland some nice jamming. See slipknot, deal , BRB and a nice version of Looks Like rain. Enjoy the summer , as a wise band once said. Its come and gone my oh my
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When somebody says that Cornell is a 5/10 and DaP 27 is an 8.5/10, that will arouse a response from me criticizng that as hyperbole or trolling. That's not me debating the point it's me attempting to slap down a foolish or trollish assertion. And I responded to your point on multitracks because it was the most recent assertion of a canard that these releases are under a different standard. I have very carefully avoided debating the merits of sound and performance quality on this since making my initial points on here that I didn't like the mix. I just get tired of bad arguments. I get subjectivity, but no person who has heard both this and the Cornell release would honestly (key word) argue that DaP 27 sounds better. (And again, just sound quality, not a point about performance, which some people may just hate Cornell being contrarian or iconoclastic, but the sound of that tape versus this one is not debatable unless one participant in the debate is just screwing with you.) Healy was the sound mixer and recordist, he was actively mixing what went into the PA mix from as many channels as his board had, so what went into the tape was still being mixed in real time. Was he making the mix specifically for the tape? No, he was making it for the house, and it was his additions to the vocals on Mama Tried and Big River that I complained about initially, and part of what got him fired years later. (Screwing with Sting's house levels contributed as well.) It is still a multichannel feed mixed down to left and right, though. I think that quote of Bear's about Healy not being able to mix a cake from Betty Crocker may be harsh, but he wouldn't be the first soundman to believe his ears over anybody else's (Bear is just as guilty, though we can probably agree that Bear's ears are more trustworthy). I'm just trying to say, like you did, that expectations should be different for a cassette PA mix, but that shouldn't mean we're not allowed to criticize how it sounds compared to other releases, nor should we be prevented from criticizing the performance. There's not an apple to apple reference point in this series, as you say, but using Dick's as well, you can compare. This is not the worst sounding tape I've heard, but it ain't great. If other people want to love it, as I said I'm happy for them. But it is hard to read the hyperbolic statements on how good the sound is without the caveat "for a cassette PA mix", and Dilbert's comparison to Cornell was just gaslighting. The real subjectivity is on the performance itself, I think any argument on sound quality should be argued within that caveat, because it is objectively worse than almost every release in this series. I hope that every release is a worthy one, no matter the era. I fully recognize quality will lessen as box sets and other Dave's come out; diminishing returns will happen. Do we need to be placed in an Orwellian debate where we're told what we can hear is actually not as bad as our ears tell us, or can we be honest and say, "for a cassette PA mix, it's pretty good"? That's probably too much to ask given the way this larger discussion has gotten into personal insults in some cases. I just want it to be honest. I accept you saying you misspoke about multitracks, this long diatribe is mainly for anyone still thinking that that's what we, the detractors, are debating. Last night I was putting most of the DaP series on a USB for my car, which is a long overdue exercise as I only had from 17 on in mp3 on the flash drive. And I converted quite a lot of them, and reflected on how I don't listen to many of them that often, like DaP 9 I have largely avoided the past couple years because of a bad listening exercise of that Dark Star, even though the very idea of Weather Report Suite> Dark Star was why I was initially thrilled to get that show, I just pick something else to listen to. I did put it on the USB drive, so I may just give it another shot this coming week or so, but I use that to illustrate that even WoS show where the instruments are presented in clarity and definition doesn't automatically mean it goes into the queue. That, I think, speaks to the subjectivity part of things. I know this is overly long, and I'm not writing it to bash you or anything like that, just trying to explain my motivations and where I'm coming from. I'm trying to avoid the performance debate on this one because so many are happy with it, and it comes off as trolling to keep rehashing my own criticisms of the show; it's a decent show overall, just not one I would've picked for 27. But it's (obviously) much harder to keep my fingers quiet when the sound quality is hyperbolically charged as better than the Cornell sound quality. :)
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As an 80's head, I often bemoan the lack of 80's releases. However, having said that, I have not been a fan of Dave's choices (RFK '89 were like the worst shows of the summer tour, for instance) and this release, while certainly fun in parts, is not one I would have selected. If you are going to go 80's, there are three places to look: a) Late 80's: '89, '87, and '88. (zero Dave Picks) b) Early 80's: '80 acoustic shows (0 Dave's), '80, '81, '82 = 2. c) 1985 (no Dave's Picks) Sometimes he seems more obsessed with picking shows from every state than the best shows. Still, I did enjoy the show, but thought it was not on par with Dick's Picks #6 (our only other individual '83 release). I also enjoy having a wide representation of all the years. On that note, 1970 seems woefully underrepresented to me. Still, all of 3/27 form the 80's on is a little light for me. An hardly cause for panic from 70's fans. The full accounting for Dave's Picks vs. Dicks by era: Dick's(36) 60's(3)/70's (26, 1 Brent )/80's(4)/90's(3, 0 Brent) Dave's(27) 60's (1.5), 70's (22.5), 80's (3), 90's (none) Overall, an appalling LACK of diversity from Dave in my view. The Thelma/69/70 was great, as was the other '69. But his 80's choices could have been better. For me, I'd like, per year: 1) at least 1 Pig show 2) one show from '79 on (usually Brent, but Bruce/Vince OK) 3) one early Keith show ('71-'74) 4) one late 70's K&D show ('76-'78) Of course, I have not been getting it, but that would be my structure. And I do not blow a gasket when I do not get it. I don't expect to. ----------------------------------- Question: is there somewhere that is releasing Road Trips (with Bonus discs) for cheap? I have a couple that I do not have, so I watch ebay now & then, and the prices are outrageous. But for some of the early Volume 1's, the prices are suddenly reasonable with the bonus disc included. I know Real Gone releases them (starting with Volume 4) but does not include the bonus discs. I cannot figure out why prices have dropped so suddenly on these? What gives? Does anyone know?
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One thing I will say about your comparison is that you are correct there are many more 60s and 70s Dave's Picks in the series, plain for all to see. Not so long ago however, I believe it was thin who did a complete tally of total releases from each decade, and it came out pretty even between all of the official releases and all of the box sets and all of the series. The number of shows for each decade was roughly the same. We may need to revisit the math on that, since some time has passed, and we must consider each complete show as one tally mark for a decade, as well as each complete release for a given time period as being one tally mark for the decade ( in other words, the Road Trips October 77 release counts as one tally mark (one show) from the era it falls in. I think it's been found that it's all around even, or at least that any discrepancies are statistically marginal. So I would argue that no, there is not an appalling lack of diversity with overall total Vault releases When comparing the 70s and 80s. You can do the math yourself, just go through the discography on Wikipedia and start tallying them off. You should be happy with these numbers, actually. There is an even balance despite the difference in audio quality between the two eras. And also with regard to the Dave's Picks series, it almost has to be weighed heavily towards the 60s and 70s due to the quality of tapes available and some other factors, such as overall sellability of 70s vs 80s. You can't really go with Space Brothers logic that 80s sells just as good as 70s because the five extra Dave's Picks 27 sold out as quickly as the five extra Dave's Picks 26s. That's propaganda advertising. The first 17995 went to everyone with a subscription, and there is no way of knowing what was in people's heads as far as Eras are concerned when they ordered their subscription, but trust me, as a professional record store owner, the 70s picks go way faster and at much higher cost then the 80s. Fact.
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So I listened again to this release and 5/8/77, and I stand by opinion that the audio is better on this release; the SBR recording places you front row center, and the volume is just exactly perfect. The aud patches are also cool, because it gives you the impression of being at the show. The 5/8/77 audio is cavernous, It places you last row upper deck, and the audio is low, you have to turn the volume up loud to hear the band.I prefer the sound of this release to the 5/8/77 mix. Performance wise - I prefer the versions of TLEO, Mama Tried, Big River, Brown Eyed Women, New Minglewood Blues and Deal on this release over 5/8/77. This is a fantastic release and I welcome more like this. And as the wise sage Master Shake once said: https://i.imgflip.com/sgkf3.jpg
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Right on my brother, agree with all you said. And of course people can believe what they want for good or for ill. It’s just been frustrating when other folks make these grand statements and comparisons (like 5/8/77 is a 5 outta 10), or when they have no point of reference. e.g., I think Vguy or kid said something like Cornell compared to other Beatty’s “has to much reverb for my taste” To me that’s a great example of a critique based on proper point of reference as well as his personal taste etc But your also right to suggest that apples to oranges can be compared also. A release is a release and therefore fair game....my caveat is that hopefully the critic has at least an idea of what their comparing when speaking of technical matters. Just like a experienced musician would be expected to have a better point of reference when critiquing performance..... But then the bottom line perhaps is Vguy’s example. He just pops it in and likes it or not, well, Vguy perhaps not a good example as that brother seems to dig it all. ; ) Personally, I go both ways (pun intended! for vguys comedic entertainment) I like pretty much every release, but I can certainly critique or find idiosyncrasies in any release, even good ol Cornell! But for me, I’ll take most any official release. Like someone here said, if all your looking for is the warts, well that’s all your going to see..... Finally, like you said, this isn’t aimed at you, hopefully some of us can provide interesting insight for others not as fanatical as us lol Thanks for your great posts! PS; didn’t get on the Dave train until a couple years ago, so I’d gladly take any releases from you, for a reasonable price, were you so inclined to part with any.....please PM me if your interested, looking for ....in order of preference... DAVES PICKS - #9 5/14/74 - #6 12/20/69 with bonus disc - #19 1/23/70 - #5 11/73 - #10 12/11&12/69 with bonus disc - #2 7/31/74 - #17 7/19/74
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....that these releases are coming out regularly. If they weren't, what would we all have to debate about?
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My copy has finally made it across the pond and I have now listened to it in its entirety, not without some trepidation bearing in mind some of the comments posted here. My personal observations, for what they're worth: Those 80's afficionados who claim this is a great show are exaggerating and those who claim that the mix or the sound quality or the performance itself are appalling are also exaggerating. The performance is mostly fine. I did not notice much that some songs were played at breakneck speed and I did not notice too many momentary disasters along the way. I did notice that Jerry's voice was shot on a couple of songs, notably Black Peter. Also the patch in Eyes brings one down to earth with a jarring thump. As for the sound quality, it is pretty good for a cassette master, certainly better than some of the earlier releases that were recorded on cassette. No real complaints there. The Mix? It was mixed for the PA in the hall, not for my living room so it is not ideal, but it is eminently listenable. The vocals are a bit too prominent but not as much as some on here have suggested. For the rest, the balance of the instruments was not perfect, but not so bad that people were missing entirely. The were a couple of places where the music got really intense and the mix made it sound somewhat confused. Again this was not as bad as many had stated. The overall sound level did vary somewhat but not so much that I had to adjust the level on my pre-amp. I was listening to this on my good quality stereo in my living room (which lacks any form of tone controls or equalization). I just insert the CD and hit play. My only point of reference is "Is what I'm hearing acceptable". One cannot expect true high fidelity from these releases. In this case, I found it perfectly acceptable. There have been better performances and better sounding releases, but there have also been worse. We were spared the Fisher-Price piano sounds from Brent, and his cringe-inducing songs. I am also not a fan of his vocals which also did not intrude here. Before I get called out as a Brent hater, I should say that I found his keyboard sound here just fine and I have always enjoyed his B3 playing (as long as it is not overbearing). This will not be sold instantly orgo on a shelf never to be listened to again. Pretty good for an early - mid '80s performance.
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I think that 5-8-77 sounds awesome. That reverb was on the first cassette I got of the show. Thus, it’s all I know. I also have the matrix and the 5.1 version. I’ll take the Full Norman version.When GSTL was released a few people complained about the reverb, I was just referencing those posts. Overall, I think the release was pretty well received..... My refusal to compare DaP27 to 5-8-77 is because 1983 is not 1977. They can’t be compared, as described extensively in posts below. During past 80’s releases as people complained about the quality other people posted theories along the lines of: There are probably a limited number of releasable non-multitrack 80’s recordings. Eventually all the releasable 60/70’s shows will be released, and then that well will dry up. By that point a lot of the people who saw shows in the 60/70’s might be deceased or in ill health and won’t be making purchases. But, people who saw shows in the 80/90’s will still be making purchases and will keep buying the 80/90’s releases. Thus, the revenue stream continues, as long as some good stuff is held back now and released later. That’s my summary of what I remember people posting in the past. Doesn’t mean that it’s the policy of Dave/Rhino. And, keep in mind that there should be DAT masters of 90’s shows. Hopefully there’s some with good mixes on them. We are due for a Bruce release.....
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....simonrob didn't pull the ripcord. Took the Switzerland route. I would very much like to meet you. Down some Belgian ales, spin some Dead, smoke some lettuce and enjoy the English garden rain.
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The wet stuff is in short supply here in Europe this summer, as I'm sure you have seen on the (real) news. I also suspect that you are more than used to arid conditions there in Vegas.
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Simonrob, Daverock, and the rest of us are catching flights to Vegas...... I love Amsterdam, but I think Vegas flights are cheaper.....and I speak the language......sort of.
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There have been a lot of '80's Dead/Brent releases with the Spring '90, Warlocks, '90 TOO, RFK, View From the Vault, etc. In terms of actual releases/shows, the totals (including partials, etc) look like this, and I may be missing some of the partials/splits/multi-year stuff (Garcia Plays Dylan, etc). Generally speaking, there has been a very good job of releasing more from the peak years (IMHO = 70's, '69, '89-'90) while getting something from every year (30 Trips Helped). Did not break down by #shows, includes digital downloads, not included Pacific NW yet. Rank, Year, # Releases, # Discs 1. 1972, 16, 119.25 (peak Dead, justifiably #1, K&D & Pig) A+ 2. 1977, 15, 72.50 (peak late era K&D) A+ 3. 1990, 10.5, 64.50 (peak Brent era) A 4. 1973, 11, 41.0 (PC NW coming) (peak early Keith) A+ 5. 1978, 10, 41.0 (darn good late era K&D) A- 6. 1974, 13, 40 (PC NW coming) (darn good early Keith) A- 7. 1971, 13, 36.12 (darn good year, multiple lineups) A 8. 1969, 9.5, 31.90 (Peak Pig & TC) A+ 9. 1976, 8, 28.0 (improved Donna) A- 10. 1989, 8.5, 27.50 (darn good Brent era) A- ----------------------- 11. 1970, 9.5, 20.83 (the new tunes explode) A ------I would consider this the line for "A" years------ 12. 1980, 8.15, 19.0 B+ 13. 1979, 7, 19.0 B+ ------------------------ 14. 1991, 4, 11.50 15. 1968, 6, 11.30 T16. 1981, 3, 9.0 T16. 1983, 3, 9.0 (This is a C year) T16. 1988, 3, 9.0 19. 1987, 4, 8.5 20. 1982, 3, 8.0 21. 1966, 4.57, 7.50 22. 1985, 3, 7.0 -----mostly C years from here--------- T23. 1992, 2, 6.0 T23. 1993, 2, 6.0 25. 1975, 2.5, 4.5 (B year, just no shows) 26. 1967, 1.5, 3.1 (B year, so few tapes) T27. 1984, 1, 3.0 T27. 1994, 1, 3.0 T27. 1995, 1, 3.0 30. 1986, 1, 2.0 31. 1965, 1, 0 (studio stuff/Birth) (no tapes available). Again, remarkably good distribution overall. Not so much with the Dave's Picks. Agree that 70's is better in a lot of respects (though not as much variance and fewer different songs) and certainly the sound quality is one factor (nothing matches a Betty). However, I have too many sweet sounding 80's boards to buy the idea that there are not many good sounding tapes in the vault to release them. As good as Betty's? No. Still very enjoyable? Yes. For 1967 I buy it, not for 1985 or 1989 or 1980. But I tend to be a show quality over sound quality guy anyway. Lastly, I do have a bit of a beef (small one) with Dave's 80's picks. A summer '89 Box that has no Alpine? Come on. No full 80's acoustic shows (yes, I know Dead Set/Reckoning)? I'll amend my original structure to Dick's Picks parameters. For every series of 6: 1) At least one Pig 2) At least one early Keith ('71-'74) 3) At least one late K&D ('76-'78) 4) At least one Brent/Bruce/Vince 5) At least one Epic/Iconic show (any era) 6) At least one lesser known great show (any era) Converting to Dave's picks parameters, every 3 years (12 releases), that would generate, thru 24 releases: 1) At least 4 Pigs (he does well here) 2) At least 4 early Keith's (he does well here) 3) At least 4 late K&D's (he does well here) 4) At least 4 Brent/Bruce/Vince (not enough but getting better) 5) At least 4 Epic/Iconic shows (he does fine here) 6) At least 4 undiscovered great shows (he does well here) Again, these are small nits to pick. A tad more Brent/later era stuff with a tad better selections from that era. Summer '85. Another fall '89 or '89 pre-midi. '87 when the comeback was in full swing and good vibes were everywhere. '80/'81 acoustic. A piercing Althea. I did not mean to seem too critical, if I came off that way, my apologies. Sorry for length, lazy Sunday.
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I keep hearing all the cool kids saying this release sounds great and features the band in top form (with just a few exceptions, such as Black Peter). I'm just not hearing it. I keep putting it back on, thinking maybe I just didn't adjust the equalizer correctly, but it still sounds awful mostly. I hear moments of good playing, but like the one guy said, every time I start grooving to something, some off kilter element yanks me out of it. I understand where you're all coming from. When we really love a version of the band, we listen to it all with passion and I think probably aren't affected by the negative elements. There can't be so many people wrong about how bad they think it is, and conversely, there can't be so many people wrong about how good they think it is. Just always going to be cheers and jeers, that's just the way it is. Get it. That's just the way it is. Love ya'll. Edit - Jason, just saw your data here, going to read it in a few, looks interesting,thanks for taking the time.
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"If you get confused just listen to the music play" ~ 9.2.83 ~ "While the firelight's aglow ~ Strange shadows from the flames will grow ~ 'till things we've never seen ~ Will seem familiar ~ ~ 12.30.83 ~
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7 years 9 months
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I thank you on behalf of my deadfriends every where. You are the finest. \m/
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9 years
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Not included are compilation Road Trips and the bonus discs that went with them. A few other bonus discs may be missing.Rockin' the Rhein, Hundred Year Hall, and Steppin' Out are not included. Most years/eras are well represented except those where high quality recordings are lacking: 65-68, mid-80's. The 90's are not that well represented. There are gems to be found there, and they probably sound pretty good. But, as I posted below, those will probably be held until later as a tool to keep revenue coming in. (formatting got altered slightly when I pasted in the text) GD 1965-66 Birth of the Dead GD 1966 Rare Cuts Oddities GD 1966-07-03 30Trips GD 1966-07-29 Grateful Dead-50th bonus disc GD 1966-07-30% 7-29-66 bonus disc filler GD 1967 Grateful Dead GD 1967-10-22 AOTS-50th bonus disc GD 1967-11-10 30Trips GD 1968 Anthem of the Sun GD 1968 AOTS-50th GD 1968 AOTS-50th-remix GD 1968-01 RTv2n2-filler GD 1968-02-14 RTv2n2 GD 1968-02-23 DP22 GD 1968-02-24 DP22 GD 1968-03-17 DS6 GD 1968-08-24 2FTV GD 1968-10-20 30Trips GD 1969 Aoxomoxoa GD 1969-01-23% DS12-filler GD 1969-02-11 GDCD4054 GD 1969-02-22 30Trips GD 1969-02-27 FW69 Box GD 1969-02-28 FW69 Box GD 1969-03-01 FW69 Box GD 1969-03-02 FW69 Box GD 1969-04-17 DS12 GD 1969-04-26 DP26 GD 1969-04-27 DP26 GD 1969-05-23 RTv4n1 GD 1969-05-24 RTv4n1 GD 1969-11-08 DP16 GD 1969-12-11 DaP2014 bonus disc GD 1969-12-12 DaP10 GD 1969-12-20 DaP6 GD 1969-12-21 DaP2013 bonus disc GD 1970 American Beauty GD 1970 Workingman's Dead GD 1970-01-18 DS2 GD 1970-01-23% DaP19 GD 1970-01-24% DaP19 GD 1970-02-02 DaP6 GD 1970-02-04 DS8-FDATGH GD 1970-02-05 filler-Dancing in the Streets GD 1970-02-13 DP4 GD 1970-02-14 DP4 GD 1970-04-15 30Trips GD 1970-04-18 FDATGH GD 1970-05-02 DP8 GD 1970-05-15a RTv3n3 GD 1970-05-15b RTv3n3 GD 1970-12-31% filler, NYE’s bonus disc GD 1971-02-19 3FTV GD 1971-03-18 30Trips GD 1971-04-25% L&G GD GD 1971-04-27% L&G GD GD 1971-04-28% L&G GD GD 1971-04-29% L&G GD GD 1971-07-31 RTv1n3 GD 1971-08-06% DP35 GD 1971-08-07 DP35 GD 1971-08-23 RTv1n3 GD 1971-08-24 DP35 GD 1971-10-21 DaP3 GD 1971-10-22 DaP3 GD 1971-10-26 DS3 GD 1971-10-31% DP2 GD 1971-11-14% RTv3n2 bonus disc GD 1971-11-15 RTv3n2 GD 1971-12-06% DaP22 filler,DaP2017 bonus disc GD 1971-12-07 DaP22 GD 1971-12-31% NYE's bonus disc GD 1972-03-21% DaP2015 bonus disc GD 1972-03-25% DP30 GD 1972-03-26 DaP14 GD 1972-03-27% DaP2015 bonus disc GD 1972-03-28 DP30 GD 1972-04-07 E72 GD 1972-04-08 E72 GD 1972-04-11 E72 GD 1972-04-14 E72 GD 1972-04-16 E72 GD 1972-04-17 E72 GD 1972-04-21 E72 GD 1972-04-24 E72 GD 1972-04-26 E72 GD 1972-04-29 E72 GD 1972-05-03 E72 GD 1972-05-04 E72 GD 1972-05-07 E72 GD 1972-05-10 E72 GD 1972-05-11 E72 GD 1972-05-13 E72 GD 1972-05-16 E72 GD 1972-05-18 E72 GD 1972-05-23 E72 GD 1972-05-24 E72 GD 1972-05-25 E72 GD 1972-05-26 E72 GD 1972-07-21 DS10 GD 1972-07-22% DS10 GD 1972-08-25 DaP24 GD 1972-08-27 SSDD GD 1972-09-03% DP36 filler GD 1972-09-17 DP23 GD 1972-09-21 DP36 GD 1972-09-24 30Trips GD 1972-09-27 DP11 GD 1972-11-15% DaP11 filler GD 1972-11-17 DaP11 GD 1972-11-18% GD 1972-12-31% NYE’s bonus disc GD 1973 Bear's Choice GD 1973 Wake of the Flood GD 1973-02-26 DP28 GD 1973-02-28 DP28 GD 1973-03-28 DaP16 GD 1973-04-02 DaP21 GD 1973-10-19 DP19 GD 1973-11-09 Winterland 73 Box GD 1973-11-10 Winterland 73 Box GD 1973-11-11 Winterland 73 Box GD 1973-11-14 30Trips GD 1973-11-17 DaP5 GD 1973-11-21 RTv4n3 GD 1973-11-30% DP14 GD 1973-12-02 DP14 GD 1973-12-04% Winterland 73 Box bonus disc GD 1973-12-10 DS8 GD 1973-12-19% DP1 GD 1974 From the Mars Hotel GD 1974-02-24 DaP13 GD 1974-03-23% DP24 GD 1974-05-14 DaP9 GD 1974-06-16% RTv2n3 GD 1974-06-18% RTv2n3 GD 1974-06-26 Set2 DP12 GD 1974-06-28 Set2 DP12 GD 1974-07-19 DaP17 GD 1974-07-29% DaP2012 bonus disc GD 1974-07-31 DaP2 GD 1974-08-04% DP31 GD 1974-08-05% DP31 GD 1974-08-06% DP31 GD 1974-09-09% DP7 GD 1974-09-10% DP7 GD 1974-09-18 30Trips GD 1974-10-16% GD Mov sndtrk GD 1974-10-17% GD Mov sndtrk GD 1974-10-18% GD Mov sndtrk GD 1974-10-19% GD Mov sndtrk GD 1974-10-20% GD Mov sndtrk GD 1975 Blues For Allah GD 1975-08-13 1FTV GD 1975-09-28 30Trips GD 1976-06-09 RTv4n5 GD 1976-06-12% RTv4n5-filler GD 1976-06-18 DS4 GD 1976-06-21% DS4-filler GD 1976-06-22% DS4-filler GD 1976-06-28% DS4-filler GD 1976-07-16% DaP18 filler,DaP2016 bonus disc GD 1976-07-17 DaP18 GD 1976-09-24 DaP4 GD 1976-09-25 DP20 GD 1976-09-28 DP20 GD 1976-10-03 30Trips GD 1976-10-09 DP33 GD 1976-10-10 DP33 GD 1976-12-31 Cow Palace GD 1977 Terrapin Station GD 1977-04-25 30Trips GD 1977-04-29% DS1-filler GD 1977-04-30 DS1 GD 1977-05-05 GSTL GD 1977-05-07 GSTL GD 1977-05-08 GSTL GD 1977-05-09 GSTL GD 1977-05-11 May77 Box GD 1977-05-12 May77 Box GD 1977-05-13 May77 Box GD 1977-05-15 May77 Box GD 1977-05-17 May77 Box GD 1977-05-19 DP29 GD 1977-05-21 DP29 GD 1977-05-22% DP3 GD 1977-05-25 DaP1 GD 1977-05-28 To Terrapin GD 1977-06-07 Winterland 77 Box GD 1977-06-08 Winterland 77 Box GD 1977-06-09 Winterland 77 Box GD 1977-09-03 DP15 GD 1977-11-02% DP34,DaP12-filler GD 1977-11-04 DaP12 GD 1977-11-05 DP34 GD 1977-11-06 DaP25 GD 1977-12-29 DP10 GD 1977-12-30% DP10-filler GD 1977-12-31% NYE's bonus disc GD 1978 Shakedown Street GD 1978-01-22 DaP23 GD 1978-02-03% DP18 GD 1978-02-05% DP18 GD 1978-04-22 DaP15 GD 1978-04-24 DaP7 GD 1978-05-10 DP25 GD 1978-05-11 DP25 GD 1978-05-14 30Trips GD 1978-07-01 July 78 Box GD 1978-07-03 July 78 Box GD 1978-07-05 July 78 Box GD 1978-07-07 July 78 Box GD 1978-07-08 July 78 Box GD 1978-09-15,16 Rocking The Cradle GD 1978-10-21% RTv1n4 GD 1978-10-22% RTv1n4 GD 1978-12-31 Closing of Winterland GD 1979-10-27 30Trips GD 1979-11-05 RT-dwnld GD 1979-11-06 RT-dwnld GD 1979-12-26 DP5 GD 1979-12-28 RTv3n1 GD 1979-12-30% RTv3n1 bonus disc GD 1980 Dead Set GD 1980 Go To Heaven GD 1980 Reckoning GD 1980-05-06 RTv3n4 GD 1980-05-07% RTv3n4 GD 1980-05-15% Go To Nassau GD 1980-05-16% Go To Nassau GD 1980-09-02% DP21-filler GD 1980-09-03 DS7 GD 1980-09-04 Set2 DS7 GD 1980-11-28 30Trips GD 1980-11-30 DaP8 GD 1981-05-06 DP13 GD 1981-05-16 30Trips GD 1981-12-09 DaP20 GD 1982-04-05% RTv4n4-filler GD 1982-04-06 RTv4n4 GD 1982-07-31 30Trips GD 1982-08-07 DP32 GD 1983-09-02 DaP27 GD 1983-10-14 DP6 GD 1983-10-21 30Trips GD 1984-10-12 30Trips GD 1985-06-24 30Trips GD 1985-11-01 DP21 GD 1986-05-03 30Trips GD 1987 In The Dark GD 1987-07-24 VFTV4 GD 1987-07-26 VFTV4 GD 1987-09-18 30Trips GD 1987-10-03% VFTV3-filler GD 1988-03-27 DS5 GD 1988-03-31% RTv4n2-filler GD 1988-04-01 RTv4n2 GD 1988-07-03 30Trips GD 1989 Built to Last GD 1989-04-02 DS9 GD 1989-04-03 DS9 GD 1989-07-07 CWI GD 1989-07-12 RFK Box GD 1989-07-13 RFK Box GD 1989-10-08 Warlocks GD 1989-10-09 Warlocks GD 1989-10-16 NOD GD 1989-10-26 30Trips GD 1990-03-14 S90TOO GD 1990-03-15 Terrapin Limited GD 1990-03-16 S90 GD 1990-03-18 S90TOO GD 1990-03-19 S90 GD 1990-03-21 S90TOO GD 1990-03-22 S90 GD 1990-03-24 Dozin Knick GD 1990-03-25 S90TOO GD 1990-03-26 S90 GD 1990-03-28 S90TOO GD 1990-03-29 S90TOO GD 1990-03-30 S90 GD 1990-04-01 S90TOO GD 1990-04-02 S90 GD 1990-04-03 S90TOO GD 1990-06-16 VFTV3 GD 1990-07-08 VFTV1 GD 1990-09-16 DP9 GD 1990-10-27 30Trips GD 1991-06-14 VFTV2 GD 1991-06-19% DS11-filler GD 1991-06-20 DS11 GD 1991-09-10 30Trips GD 1991-09-25 DP17 GD 1992-03-20 30Trips GD 1992-12-16 DP27 GD 1992-12-17% DP27-filler GD 1993-03-27 30Trips GD 1994-10-01 30Trips GD 1995-02-21 30Trips
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10 years 9 months
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Here's a website I've been using to try to make a spreadsheet of all the full show releases, been at it off and on for a few hours, amd up to 1979, with 154 shows put out between 1966 and 1978, it's quite a lot. The site is missing some of the most recent releases, and I'm leaving out most of the random few song releases. I'll figure a way to post it when it's done, but the numbers below are off quite a bit. Europe '72 by itself is 22 shows, by my count it's 33.5 1972 releases counting 11/18/72, and I count 25 1977 releases (counting 11/2, which has almost all been released, but not counting the October '77 Road Trips, which is a smattering of songs across several shows), and 20 1990 releases (counting 3/24 which has almost all been released over various compilations). http://www.deaddisc.com/GDFD_Dead_By_Date.htm Eta: just saw icecreamkd's post came through as I was typing.
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16 years 6 months
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Aargh after 13 years my Denon carasaul player stb. Only very expensive single disc machines like OPPO have it. The beauty is amazon and ebay have older moldels still available. In 10 days I can listen to an entire show without getting off my couch
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6 years 7 months
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I dunno guys this '83 release might overshadow the pacific northwest box. get me a blanket, its cold-cold in this shadow. update: I now have Cool Kid Status due to this release. I finally made it no more having to worry about where my seat will be during lunch. "right this way Mr. Terrapin, your table awaits you." I'm a '80's Dead hero, I've got stars in my eyes sigh~~~~~~
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15 years 1 month
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I appreciate an early 80s release, but I’m not sure that this show measures up. For 1983, I strongly recommend 4-13-1983, as a prime example of a sharp, high-energy, inventive, and totally engaged performance. I think DaP 27 pales in comparison, and the sound quality from my old 4-13 cassette is comparable to or even better than the ‘remastered’ Boise show. After snapping up some of Dave’s early releases, I’ve passed on almost everything else since. Just plain disappointed. Certainly, this Boise show isn’t the flub-fest that is DaP 20, but I think the show’s hype was a bit over the top. I wouldn’t say the band is particularly “ON.” I’m glad Dave is carrying on the DP legacy. That’s great — especially for folks who share his taste. I don’t so I think I’ll pass on his picks from here on out. One less competitor in the race to buy ‘em...!! Enjoy!!
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